Disrupted Stimulus Control But Not Reward Sensitivity in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Matching Law Analysis

Reed, Phil; Hawthorn, Rose; Bolger, Sam; Meredith, K W Stranges; Bishop, Ruth

doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1494-z

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…When presented with multiple alternatives, children and other organisms allocate relatively more behavior to alternatives associated with relatively more (i.e., a higher rate or larger magnitude of) reinforcement than to alternatives associated with relatively less reinforcement (e.g., Baum, 1974Baum, , 1979Caron, Forget, & Rivard, 2017;Elliffe, Davison, & Landon, 2008;Neuringer, 1967;Rivard, Forget, Kerr, & Bégin, 2014; for review, see Fisher & Mazur, 1997). The systematic relation between relative reinforcer amounts and relative behavioral allocation is perhaps one of the most general findings in behavior analysis across a range of species and different behaviors (for review, see Mazur & Fantino, 2014;McDowell, 1988McDowell, , 1989 including individuals with ASD (e.g., Banda, McAfee, Lee, & Kubina, 2007;Borrero et al, 2010;Borrero & Vollmer, 2002;Caron et al, 2017;Reed, Hawthorn, Bolger, Meredith, & Bishop, 2012;Rivard et al, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

Treatment of resistance to change in children with autism

Fisher

Felber

Phillips

et al. 2019

J of App Behav Analysis

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“Resistance to change” represents a core symptom of autism that we conceptualized and assessed as resulting in part due to factors known to govern free‐operant choice. During a free‐choice baseline, participants chose between problematic, resistive responses and an appropriate alternative response. During the asymmetrical‐choice condition, we delivered their most highly preferred item if the participant chose the alternative response (i.e., differential reinforcement of alternative behavior [DRA]). During the guided‐ (Experiment 1) and singular‐ (Experiment 2) choice conditions, we prompted participants to choose the alternative response and then delivered their most highly preferred item (i.e., DRA with escape extinction). All participants learned to tolerate (Experiment 1) or choose (Experiment 2) the alternative response when we combined DRA with escape extinction. After exposure to escape extinction, two participants showed strong maintenance effects with DRA alone. We discuss these finding relative to the effects of DRA and escape extinction on resistance to change.

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confidence: 99%

Treatment of resistance to change in children with autism

Fisher

Felber

Phillips

et al. 2019

J of App Behav Analysis

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“…However, to date, research has only explored a small number of these manipulations in the context of over-selectivity, for example, partial as opposed to continuous reinforcement schedules (Reynolds & Reed 2011b) and trace as opposed to delayed conditioning procedures . Running Head: STIMULUS OVER-SELECTIVITY AND CS DURATION Traditionally, over-selectivity has been understood as a deficit in attention (e.g., Dube, 2009;Dube, Lombard, Farren, Flusser, Balsamo & Fowler, 1999;Dube & McIlvane, 1999;Koegel & Schreibman, 1977;Koegel & Wilhelm, 1973;Lovaas & Schreibman, 1971;Lovaas et al, 1971;Reed, Hawthorn, Bolger, Meredith, & Bishop, 2012) or encoding (e.g., Boucher & Warrington, 1976;. That is, the individual fails to attend to all elements of the stimulus during initial training.…”

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The effect of stimulus duration on over-selectivity: Evidence for the role of within-compound associations.

Reynolds¹,

Reed²

2018

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cogniti

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The phenomenon whereby behavior becomes controlled by one aspect of the environment at the expense of other aspects of the environment (stimulus overselectivity) is widespread across many intellectual and developmental disabilities. However, the theoretical mechanisms underpinning overselectivity are not understood. Given similarities between overselectivity and overshadowing, exploring overselectivity using associative learning paradigms might allow better theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. Three experiments explored overselectivity using a simultaneous discrimination task with typically developing participants undergoing a cognitively demanding task. Experiment 1 investigated whether stimulus duration effects found within the overshadowing literature also occurred in an overselectivity paradigm, and demonstrated that greater overselectivity was observed when stimuli were presented for short durations (2s and 5s) compared with longer durations (10s). Experiment 2 demonstrated that a posttraining revaluation procedure resulted in retrospective revaluation for stimuli presented at shorter durations (2s) and mediated extinction for stimuli presented at longer durations (10s). Such results replicate findings from the overshadowing literature that have been interpreted in terms of within-compound associations while also supporting assumptions made by an extended comparator hypothesis. Experiment 3 uses an additional control condition to further demonstrate that the retrospective revaluation is a genuine revaluation effect. Additionally, the experiment provides further evidence for the within-compound association explanation of the results through manipulating the consistency with which elements of a compound were paired during training. Taken together, the findings highlight the necessity to consider the role of within-compound associations in overselectivity, allowing for a better understanding of overselectivity effects. (PsycINFO Database Record

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“…To the degree that over-selectivity is discussed in theoretical terms, it is often attributed to differentially-disrupted attentional processing in some populations Reed, Hawthorn, Bolger, Meredith, & Bishop, 2012). These views suggest that individuals who display over-selectivity cannot attend to all of the stimulus elements available, and consequently learn only about a subset of these elements (Dube & McIlvane, 1999).…”

Section: Overshadowing and Training -3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Over-selectivity decreases with increased training: A role for within-compound associations

Reed

Quigley

2019

Acta Psychologica

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Over-selectivity occurs when one element of a complex-stimulus controls behavior at the expense of other equally elements of that stimulus; a phenomenon common in populations subject to cognitive challenge. However, lack of theoretically-based analysis, may have hindered understanding and remediation of the practically-important overselectivity phenomena. Current studies examined whether associative theories applied to overshadowing, a similar phenomenon in the context of conditioning experiments, could be applied to over-selectivity effects to open theoretical analysis of over-selectivity. Three experiments investigated whether length of training impacts over-selectivity in the same way as overshadowing, which has theoretical implications for understanding that latter phenomenon. All studies employed variants of a judgment procedure in which participants had to judge the relationship between a predictor and an outcome, and the predictors were presented either on their own, or in compound with another predictor. In all studies, the elemental cue (A) was rated similarly to one of the components of the compound (B), but higher than the other component (C). The difference in the extent to which the components of the compound (B and C) were judged as predictors became smaller as levels of training increased, which is an effect that is also seen in discrimination learning studies of overselectivity. Moreover, it was apparent that as the strength of the within-compound association increased, the level of over-selectivity decreased. These results are similar to those seen for overshadowing, and are discussed with respect to the possible associative mechanisms controlling over-selectivity.

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Disrupted Stimulus Control But Not Reward Sensitivity in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Matching Law Analysis

Cited by 7 publications

References 34 publications

Treatment of resistance to change in children with autism

Treatment of resistance to change in children with autism

The effect of stimulus duration on over-selectivity: Evidence for the role of within-compound associations.

Over-selectivity decreases with increased training: A role for within-compound associations

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