Disposal of Dangerous Chemicals in Urban Areas and Mega Cities

Barnes, Ian; Rudziński, Krzysztof J.

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5034-0

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The DOAS system ( Figure 2) includes a light source, emitting light radiation, which travels across the atmosphere for distances ranging from few hundred meters to several kilometers Kleffmann et al, 2006;Stutz et al, 2010;Zhou et al, 2013). At the end of this path, the radiation is then collected and detected (Platt and Stutz, 2008).…”

Section: Optical Spectroscopic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Good agreement among the techniques was found, but deviations for some measurements were also revealed. These differences were related to the difficult adaptation of the instruments to the EUPHORE chambers and to calibrations issues (Ródenas et al, 2013). However, the FIONA results are only preliminary and analyses are still ongoing.…”

Section: Hono Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Sources of atmospheric nitrous acid: State of the science, current research needs, and future prospects

Spataro

Ianniello

2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

103

107

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Nitrous acid (HONO) plays a key role in tropospheric photochemistry, primarily due to its role as a source of hydroxyl (OH) radicals via its rapid photolysis. OH radicals are involved in photooxidation processes, such as the formation of tropospheric 03 and other secondary atmospheric pollutants (peroxyacetyl nitrate/PAN] and secondary particles). Recent field and modeling studies have postulated the occurrence of a strong and unknown daytime HONO source, but there are still many significant uncertainties concerning the identification and formation mechanisms of these unknown sources. Up to now, five HONO formation pathways are known: direct emission, homogeneous gas-phase reactions, heterogeneous reactions, surface photolysis; and biological processes. In this review paper the HONO sources proposed to explain the observed HONO budget, especially during daytime, are discussed, highlighting the knowledge gaps that need further investigation. In this framework it is crucial to have available accurate and reliable measurements of atmospheric HONO concentrations; thus, a short description ofHONO measurement techniques currently available is also reported. The techniquesare divided into three basic categories: spectroscopic techniques, wet chemical techniques, and off-line methods.

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Section: Optical Spectroscopic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hono Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Sources of atmospheric nitrous acid: State of the science, current research needs, and future prospects

Spataro

Ianniello

2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

103

107

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“…Nitrous acid (HONO) is a major source of hydroxyl (OH) radicals in the boundary layer (Elshorbany et al, 2008;Kim et al, 2014;Levy II, 1973). HONO can be formed homogeneously through reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with OH, heterogeneously through several pathways, or emitted directly (Kleffmann, 2007;Lammel and Cape, 1996;Spataro and Ianniello, 2014;Su et al, 2011). HONO is formed heterogeneously on surfaces through the reaction of NO 2 with H 2 O (Bröske et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HONO measurement by differential photolysis

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Nitrous acid (HONO) has been quantitatively measured in situ by differential photolysis at 385 and 395 nm, and subsequent detection as nitric oxide (NO) by the chemiluminescence reaction with ozone (O3). The technique has been evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to provide a direct HONO measurement in a simulation chamber and compared side by side with a long absorption path optical photometer (LOPAP) in the field. The NO–O3 chemiluminescence technique is robust, well characterized, and capable of sampling at low pressure, whilst solid-state converter technology allows for unattended in situ HONO measurements in combination with fast time resolution and response.

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“…As such it is a significant environmental issue in many large urban agglomerations (Schneider and van der A, 2012;Liu and Zhu, 2013;Hilboll et al, 2013;Guerreiro et al, 2014). NO 2 , which is primarily emitted by transportation, industry, and domestic heating, is associated with health issues such as airway inflammation and reductions in lung function (World Health Organization, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent satellite-based trends of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over large urban agglomerations worldwide

Schneider

Lahoz

2015

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Trends in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) columns over 66 large urban agglomerations worldwide have been computed using data from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument onboard the Envisat platform for the period August 2002 to March 2012. A seasonal model including a linear trend was fitted to the satellite-based time series over each site. The results indicate distinct spatial patterns in trends. While agglomerations in Europe, North America, and some locations in East Asia/Oceania show decreasing tropospheric NO 2 levels on the order of −5 % yr −1 , rapidly increasing levels of tropospheric NO 2 are found for agglomerations in large parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. The site with the most rapidly increasing absolute levels of tropospheric NO 2 was found to be Tianjin in China with a trend of 3.04(±0.47) × 10 15 molecules cm −2 yr −1 , whereas the site with the most rapidly increasing relative trend was Kabul in Afghanistan with 14.3(±2.2) % yr −1 . In total, 34 sites exhibited increasing trends of tropospheric NO 2 throughout the study period, 24 of which were found to be statistically significant. A total of 32 sites showed decreasing levels of tropospheric NO 2 during the study period, of which 20 sites did so at statistically significant magnitudes. Overall, going beyond the relatively small set of megacities investigated previously, this study provides the first consistent analysis of recent changes in tropospheric NO 2 levels over most large urban agglomerations worldwide, and indicates that changes in urban NO 2 levels are subject to substantial regional differences as well as influenced by economic and demographic factors.

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Disposal of Dangerous Chemicals in Urban Areas and Mega Cities

Cited by 14 publications

References 2 publications

Sources of atmospheric nitrous acid: State of the science, current research needs, and future prospects

Sources of atmospheric nitrous acid: State of the science, current research needs, and future prospects

HONO measurement by differential photolysis

Recent satellite-based trends of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over large urban agglomerations worldwide

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