“…Several well-established methods are currently available for detection of heavy metals in drinking water and in its source, including atomic absorption spectroscopy [ 3 , 4 ], atomic fluorescence spectroscopy [ 5 , 6 ], inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry [ 7 , 8 ], and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [ 9 ]. Many rapid-detection methods have been used to improve detection efficiency, including colorimetric methods based on the nucleic acids, antibodies, nanomaterials, or paper [ 10 , 11 ], fluorescence methods [ 12 , 13 ], electrochemical conduction methods [ 14 , 15 ], and recently-developed surface Raman-enhanced scattering methods [ 16 ]. Although these methods have been shown to provide high sensitivity and accuracy using biological and chemical reactions, there are some drawbacks that must still be addressed, such as difficulty in preparing nucleic acid aptamers or antibodies, low ligation efficiency, extended response time, complexity, and short lifetime.…”