Dispatchable hydrogen production at the forecourt for electricity grid balancing

Rahil, Abdulla; Gammon, Rupert; Brown, Neil

doi:10.1063/1.4976230

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…They show a clear emphasis on scheduling 6–14, discuss operational and control aspects 15–17, investigate model reduction 18, 12, and elaborate design towards flexibility 19–21. Increasingly, electrochemical processes, e.g., chlor‐alkali process 2, 22–31 and water electrolysis 32–42, come into focus.…”

Section: Motivation and Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Process Operation Under Demand Response – A Review of Methods and Tools

Esche

Repke

2020

Chemie Ingenieur Technik

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Participating in electricity markets through demand response causes new requirements for optimizing process control of chemical plants. The last ten years have brought great advances in the formulation and solution of economic nonlinear model predictive control and state estimation to support operation of processes under dynamic constraints. However, gaps remain regarding the availabilities of suitable plant models capable of describing processes active in demand response as well as of robust schemes for state estimation and economic nonlinear model predictive control in commercial tools.

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Section: Motivation and Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Process Operation Under Demand Response – A Review of Methods and Tools

Esche

Repke

2020

Chemie Ingenieur Technik

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“…It enables start-up designs for regions such as Gwakwani lacking in any form of variable data for analysis and connectivity and access to grid. The simulation results give an overview into the viability of a HRES with the potential for further expansion in a HOMER Grid, if the demand arises [10,23,29]. A simulation of the energy demand load requirement is necessary before the optimal planning design of the HRES and the configuration of the system is also dependent on the output power for generation and the load on the system [4,38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the optimization of PV-biomass-diesel and grid base hybrid energy systems for rural electrification using HOMER Pro Software tool developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO, USA, this study examined the economic impact of a decentralized renewable energy base system with no grid extension for Jhawani village, Tezpur area, India. The design was optimized by configuring different load profiles, costs of energy at different peak loads, energy demand profile and grid availability [29,30]. The electricity costs depend on load factor, which has an inverse relationship between peak load/energy demand and cost of electricity generation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison between Three Off-Grid Hybrid Systems (Solar Photovoltaic, Diesel Generator and Battery Storage System) for Electrification for Gwakwani Village, South Africa

2018

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A single energy-based technology has been the traditional approach to supplying basic energy needs, but its limitations give rise to other viable options. Renewable off-grid electricity supply is one alternative that has gained attention, especially with areas lacking a grid system. The aim of this paper is to present an optimal hybrid energy system to meet the electrical demand in a reliable and sustainable manner for an off-grid remote village, Gwakwani, in South Africa. Three off-grid systems have been proposed: (i) Photovoltaic (PV) systems with a diesel generator; (ii) Photovoltaic systems and battery storage; and (iii) Photovoltaic systems with diesel generator and battery storage. For this analysis, different size of photovoltaic panels were tested and the optimal size in each scenario was chosen. These PV sizes were 1, 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 kW. The optimization between these sizes was built based on three main objectives. These objectives are: (i) energy demand satisfaction; (ii) system cost; and (iii) pollution. For the first and second system scenarios, the optimal size was the 1 kW with battery and 1 kW with diesel generator; the third scenario results did not sufficiently match the three objectives. A general comparison has been carried out between the two optimal systems when the diesel generator is used and when the battery is applied. Both scenarios can sufficiently meet the demand without any considerable interruption, but disparities exist between them in relation to cost and technical optimization. There is a huge difference in the cost between these scenarios. The total cost in PV-Battery system (Scenario 1) represents only 26% of the entire PV system. Also, the PV and Battery system does not release any harmful emissions compared with nearly 6 tCO 2 /year in the PV with Diesel system (Scenario 2). Also, Scenario (3) is a viable option in terms of energy production but costs more and is proposed to be more beneficial using an economies-of-scale analysis.

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“…Any excess power will be injected into an electrolyser to produce clean fuel. The explanation for this surplus energy extraction is widely presented in [14], [15]. The main steps of this section include:…”

Section: Electricity Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispatchable hydrogen production by multiple electrolysers to provide clean fuel and responsive demand in Libya

Rahil

Gammon

Brown

2018

2018 9th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC)

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The use of hydrogen as a fuel carries major environmental advantages because there are a number of ways of producing it by low-carbon methods. When electrolysis is used, additional benefits are obtained by flexible operation that offers the opportunity to reduce the cost of hydrogen production by absorbing electricity during off-peak hours, and stopping operation during peak hours. This can also act as a tool in support of balancing electrical systems. In this research, off-peak electricity is used to produce hydrogen via electrolysis, which is sold as a fuel at six garage forecourts in Darna, a small city on the east coast of Libya. In addition to the six forecourt electrolysers, a centralised electrolyser plant will be included in the system to consume the surplus energy and to satisfy any deficiency in hydrogen production at the forecourt. The capital cost of both forecourt and centralised electrolyser systems, plus fixed costs, were financed by bank loans at a 5% rate of interest over seven years. A MATLAB model with optimisation tools was used to formulate this problem. This research shows that forecourt hydrogen production at off-peak times (and without the centralised electrolyser) can satisfy nearly 53.93% of the fuel demand. This represents 59.82% of the total surplus renewable energy. The average hydrogen sale price at the forecourts is between £10.82-11.71/kg. After adding the centralised electrolyser, nearly 78.83 % of the total surplus power was absorbed and the average hydrogen selling prices were between £15.04-19.80/kg The centralised electrolyser can meet 43%, 49%, 50%, 42%, 57% and 53% of the deficit in consumption for stations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.

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Dispatchable hydrogen production at the forecourt for electricity grid balancing

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

Dynamic Process Operation Under Demand Response – A Review of Methods and Tools

Dynamic Process Operation Under Demand Response – A Review of Methods and Tools

Comparison between Three Off-Grid Hybrid Systems (Solar Photovoltaic, Diesel Generator and Battery Storage System) for Electrification for Gwakwani Village, South Africa

Dispatchable hydrogen production by multiple electrolysers to provide clean fuel and responsive demand in Libya

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