Disordered Sleep and Myopia Risk among Chinese Children

Zhou, Zhongqiang; Morgan, Ian G.; Chen, Qianyun; Jin, Ling; He, Miao; Congdon, Nathan

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121796

Cited by 52 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(48 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Most authors believe that outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. We also observed this relationship in our paper.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Rola aktywności zewnętrznej w rozwoju krótkowzroczności u dzieci w wieku szkolnym

Czepita

Kuprjanowicz

Safranow

et al. 2017

Pomeranian J Life Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction:The aim of our study was to examine whether outdoor activity influences the prevalence of myopia in schoolchildren. Materials and methods: 5601 Polish students of elementary and secondary schools (2688 boys and 2913 girls), 6-18 years of age (mean 11.9 ±3.2 years) were examined. In every student cycloplegia after 1% tropicamide was performed. The mean spherical equivalent (SE) was calculated after examination of both eyes. Time spent on outdoor activity was evaluated based on a questionnaire. The obtained results were typed into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed statistically using Statistica 10 software. Non-parametric tests were used due to the SE distribution being significantly different from normal distribution in the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient (Rs) was used to evaluate the strength of the correlation between these variables. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: It has been established that with the increase in time spent on outdoor activity, the spherical equivalent of the examined students significantly increases, but the correlation is very weak (Rs = +0.036, p = 0.007). Conclusion: Outdoor activity slightly reduces the prevalence of myopia in schoolchildren. Keywords: outdoor activity; myopia; schoolchildren. ABSTRAKT Wstęp:Celem pracy było sprawdzenie, czy aktywność zewnętrzna wpływa na częstość występowania krótkowzrocz-ności u dzieci w wieku szkolnym. Materiały i metody: Przebadano 5601 polskich uczniów szkół podstawowych i średnich (2688 chłopców i 2913 dziewczynek) w wieku 6-18 lat (średnia 11,9 ±3,2). U wszystkich badanych uczniów wykonano skiaskopię po cykloplegii 1% tropikamidem. Obliczano średni ekwiwalent sferyczny (SE) dla obu oczu. Czas spędzony na aktywności zewnętrznej był oceniany w oparciu o ankietę. Otrzymane wyniki wprowadzono do elektronicznej bazy danych za pomocą programu Excel, a następnie poddano analizie statystycznej przy użyciu programu Statistica 10.Zastosowano testy nieparametryczne, gdyż rozkład SE różnił się istotnie od rozkładu normalnego w teście Kolmogorowa-Smirnowa. Do oceny siły korelacji używano współczynnika korelacji rang Spearmana (Rs). Przyjęto poziom istotności p < 0,05. Wyniki: Wykazano, że wraz ze wzrostem czasu spędzo-nego na świeżym powietrzu ekwiwalent sferyczny badanych uczniów rośnie znamiennie, jednak korelacja jest bardzo słaba (Rs = +0,036, p = 0,007). Wniosek: Aktywność zewnętrzna nieznacznie zmniejsza czę-stość występowania krótkowzroczności u dzieci w wieku szkolnym. Słowa kluczowe: aktywność zewnętrzna; krótkowzroczność; dzieci w wieku szkolnym.

show abstract

“…Most authors believe that outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. We also observed this relationship in our paper.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…It is also known that outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia -table 1 [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. However, lately a number of papers have been published that determined that outdoor activity does not have an influence on the prevalence of myopia -table 2 [18,19,20,21,22,23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rola aktywności zewnętrznej w rozwoju krótkowzroczności u dzieci w wieku szkolnym

Czepita

Kuprjanowicz

Safranow

et al. 2017

Pomeranian J Life Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The quality assessment scores for the articles ranged from 60% (Yi & Li 2011;Wu et al 2013) to 100% (Ip et al 2008;Pan et al 2015; mean = 79.99%) with the most prominent deficiency being the lack of representativeness of the recruited participants. Selection of participants based on a random cluster sampling strategy was adopted in eight studies, of which four studies used stratified sampling (Low et al 2010;French et al 2013;He et al 2015;Zhou et al 2015), two studies used simple sampling (Lu et al 2009;Pan et al 2015) and a single study from Ejina, where only three schools were available, recruited an unselected sample of consecutive participants (Guo et al 2015). Randomization was either not adopted or not mentioned in the remaining 18 studies.…”

Section: Characteristics and Quality Of The Articles Includedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondly, dose-response analysis of myopia onset in our review only suggested the existence of an inverse nonlinear relationship with increased time outdoors and myopia onset; however, the threshold or the amount of time outdoors required to reduce the incidence of myopia remains to be determined. Finally, conversion of the original effect estimates based on hours of exposure per day to estimates based on hours of exposure per week might have potentially resulted in a bias as the time spent outdoors could have varied between weekdays versus weekends, and such information was available from a limited number of studies (Dirani et al 2009;Deng et al 2010;Low et al 2010;Guggenheim et al 2012;Guo et al 2013;Zhou et al 2015).…”

Section: (833%)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta‐analysis and systematic review

Xiong

Sankaridurg

Naduvilath

et al. 2017

Acta Ophthalmologica

376

369

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Outdoor time is considered to reduce the risk of developing myopia. The purpose is to evaluate the evidence for association between time outdoors and (1) risk of onset of myopia (incident/prevalent myopia); (2) risk of a myopic shift in refractive error and c) risk of progression in myopes only. A systematic review followed by a meta‐analysis and a dose–response analysis of relevant evidence from literature was conducted. PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant papers. Of the 51 articles with relevant data, 25 were included in the meta‐analysis and dose–response analysis. Twenty‐three of the 25 articles involved children. Risk ratio (RR) for binary variables and weighted mean difference (WMD) for continuous variables were conducted. Mantel–Haenszel random‐effects model was used to pool the data for meta‐analysis. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the I 2 test with I 2 ≥ 50% considered to indicate high heterogeneity. Additionally, subgroup analyses (based on participant's age, prevalence of myopia and study type) and sensitivity analyses were conducted. A significant protective effect of outdoor time was found for incident myopia (clinical trials: risk ratio (RR) = 0.536, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.338 to 0.850; longitudinal cohort studies: RR = 0.574, 95% CI = 0.395 to 0.834) and prevalent myopia (cross‐sectional studies: OR = 0.964, 95% CI = 0.945 to 0.982). With dose–response analysis, an inverse nonlinear relationship was found with increased time outdoors reducing the risk of incident myopia. Also, pooled results from clinical trials indicated that when outdoor time was used as an intervention, there was a reduced myopic shift of −0.30 D (in both myopes and nonmyopes) compared with the control group (WMD = −0.30, 95% CI = −0.18 to −0.41) after 3 years of follow‐up. However, when only myopes were considered, dose–response analysis did not find a relationship between time outdoors and myopic progression (R 2 = 0.00064). Increased time outdoors is effective in preventing the onset of myopia as well as in slowing the myopic shift in refractive error. But paradoxically, outdoor time was not effective in slowing progression in eyes that were already myopic. Further studies evaluating effect of outdoor in various doses and objective measurements of time outdoors may help improve our understanding of the role played by outdoors in onset and management of myopia.

show abstract

“…Research into the epidemiology of myopia is ongoing throughout the entire world [1–3, 5–31]. In Poland, the greatest achievements in myopia research belong to the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin [32, 33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Environmental Factors on the Prevalence of Myopia in Poland

Czepita

Lubiński

2017

Journal of Ophthalmology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose In the paper, we describe and discuss the results of epidemiological studies concerning myopia carried out in Poland. Materials and Methods Results from the examination of 5601 Polish school children and students (2688 boys and 2913 girls) aged 6 to 18 years were analyzed. The mean age was 11.9 ± 3.2 years. Every examined student had undergone the following examinations: distance visual acuity testing, cover test, anterior segment evaluation, and cycloplegic retinoscopy after instillation of 1% tropicamide, and a questionnaire was taken. Results We have found that (1) intensive near work (writing, reading, and working on a computer) leads to a higher prevalence of myopia, (2) watching television does not influence the prevalence of myopia, and (3) being outdoors decreases the prevalence of myopia. Conclusions The results of our study point to insufficiency of accommodation contributing to the pathogenesis of myopia.

show abstract

Disordered Sleep and Myopia Risk among Chinese Children

Cited by 52 publications

References 31 publications

Rola aktywności zewnętrznej w rozwoju krótkowzroczności u dzieci w wieku szkolnym

Rola aktywności zewnętrznej w rozwoju krótkowzroczności u dzieci w wieku szkolnym

Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta‐analysis and systematic review

The Influence of Environmental Factors on the Prevalence of Myopia in Poland

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About