Disinfection efficacy and mechanism of slightly acidic electrolyzed water on  Staphylococcus aureus  in pure culture

Ding, Tian; Xuan, Xiao-Ting; Li, Jiao; Chen, Shiguo; Ye, Xingqian; Shi, John; Xue, Sophia Jun

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.08.037

Cited by 90 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…To detect the permeability of outer membrane, the level of extracellular K + ion was measured according to the previous reports ( Ioannou et al, 2007 ; Ding et al, 2016 ), with some minor modifications as follows. The cell suspension was centrifuged at 4°C and 8,000× g for 5 min, and the supernatant was obtained with a pipette.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of Intracellular Porphyrin, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Fatty Acids Profiles During Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Antimicrobial Blue Light

Chu

Ruan

et al. 2018

Front. Physiol.

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Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) has attracted increasing interest for its antimicrobial properties. However, the underlying bactericidal mechanism has not yet been verified. One hypothesis is that aBL causes the excitation of intracellular chromophores; leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resultant oxidization of various biomolecules. Thus, monitoring the levels of redox-sensitive intracellular biomolecules such as coproporphyrins, as well as singlet oxygen and various ROS may help to uncover the physiological changes induced by aBL and aid in establishing the underlying mechanism of action. Furthermore, the identification of novel targets of ROS, such as fatty acids, is of potential significance from a therapeutic perspective. In this study, we sought to investigate the molecular impact of aBL treatment on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The results showed that aBL (5–80 J/cm2) exhibited a bactericidal effect on MRSA, and almost no bacteria survived when 80 J/cm2 had been delivered. Further studies revealed that the concentrations of certain intracellular molecules varied in response to aBL irradiation. Coproporphyrin levels were found to decrease gradually, while ROS levels increased rapidly. Moreover, imaging revealed the emergence and increase of singlet oxygen molecules. Concomitantly, the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) increased in abundance and intracellular K+ leakage was observed, indicating permeability of the cell membrane. Atomic force microscopy showed that the cell surface exhibited a coarse appearance. Finally, fatty acid profiles at different illumination levels were monitored by GC-MS. The relative amounts of three unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1, C20:1, and C20:4) were decreased in response to aBL irradiation, which likely played a key role in the aforementioned membrane injuries. Collectively, these data suggest that the cell membrane is a major target of ROS during aBL irradiation, causing alterations to membrane lipid profiles, and in particular to the unsaturated fatty acid component.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of Intracellular Porphyrin, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Fatty Acids Profiles During Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Antimicrobial Blue Light

Chu

Ruan

et al. 2018

Front. Physiol.

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“…The postulated mode of action is reduction of cell wall, nucleus, and outer membrane integrity which leads to the rapid leakage of intracellular DNA and proteins (Zeng et al, 2010, 2011; Ding et al, 2016). Additionally, AEW is an environmental friendly sanitizer and poses minimal risk to human health (Mori et al, 1997; Wang et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of Foodborne Pathogen Biofilms by Acidic Electrolyzed Water

et al. 2017

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Biofilms, which are complex microbial communities embedded in the protective extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), are difficult to remove in food production facilities. In this study, the use of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) to remove foodborne pathogen biofilms was evaluated. We used a green fluorescent protein-tagged Escherichia coli for monitoring the efficiency of AEW for removing biofilms, where under the optimal treatment conditions, the fluorescent signal of cells in the biofilm disappeared rapidly and the population of biofilm cells was reduced by more than 67%. Additionally, AEW triggered EPS disruption, as indicated by the deformation of the carbohydrate C-O-C bond and deformation of the aromatic rings in the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. These deformations were identified by EPS chemical analysis and Raman spectroscopic analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed that the breakup and detachment of biofilm were enhanced after AEW treatment. Further, AEW also eradicated biofilms formed by both Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and Gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes) and was observed to inactivate the detached cells which are a potential source of secondary pollution. This study demonstrates that AEW could be a reliable foodborne pathogen biofilm disrupter and an eco-friendly alternative to sanitizers traditionally used in the food industry.

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“…Zheng et al [46] reported that the available chlorine composition was similar for SAEW generated by adding HCl solution either before or after electrolyzing a dilute NaCl solution. Using this system, SAEW with a large range of ACC was generated, from 0.5 to 400 mg$L -1 [1,2,15,41,54,68,69] . NEW is produced when a dilute NaCl solution is electrolyzed in a non-membrane electrolytic cell.…”

Section: Generation Systems For Saew and Newmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolyzed water and its application in animal houses

Zheng¹,

Ni²,

Li³

2016

Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.

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Electrolyzed water (EW) can be produced by electrolysis of a dilute salt solution. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW, pH 5.0-6.5) and neutral electrolyzed water (NEW, pH 6.5-8.5) are considered healthy and environmentally friendly because no hazardous chemicals are added in its production, there is reduced corrosion of surfaces and it minimizes the potential for damage to animal and human health. Over the last decade, EW has become increasingly popular as an alternative disinfectant for decontamination in animal houses. However, there have been some issues related to EW that are not well known, including different mechanisms for generation of SAEW and NEW, and the antimicrobial mechanism of EW. This review covers the definitions of SAEW and NEW, different generation systems for SAEW and NEW, the antimicrobial mechanism of EW, and recent developments related to the application of SAEW and NEW in animal houses.

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Disinfection efficacy and mechanism of slightly acidic electrolyzed water on Staphylococcus aureus in pure culture

Cited by 90 publications

References 26 publications

Changes of Intracellular Porphyrin, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Fatty Acids Profiles During Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Antimicrobial Blue Light

Changes of Intracellular Porphyrin, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Fatty Acids Profiles During Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Antimicrobial Blue Light

Removal of Foodborne Pathogen Biofilms by Acidic Electrolyzed Water

Electrolyzed water and its application in animal houses

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