Dishwashers – A man-made ecological niche accommodating human opportunistic fungal pathogens

Zalar, Polona; Novák, Miroslav; Hoog, G. Sybren de; Gunde‐Cimerman, Nina

doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.007

Cited by 213 publications

(215 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…According to our data, the fungal biomes present in the dishwashers differed considerably in composition and richness, probably due to differences in models and programming of dishwashers, user's habits and sampling skills. Zalar et al (2011) already suggested that extreme conditions like high temperature, detergent and pH fluctuations can provide an alternative habitat for species also known to be pathogenic to humans, and this was also confirmed in our study. Different stressful conditions can serve as preadaptations for fungal communities and drive their evolution towards pathogenicity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The analysis revealed rich and diverse fungal communities present in our dishwashers. Interpretation of the results was based on previously published research by Zalar et al (2011). The results of our study confirmed that the new technology in many ways surpasses classical methods used in fungal analysis by offering quicker, reliable, more sensitive and inexpensive high-throughput identification of microorganisms in entire communities.…”

Section: Who Lives In Our Dishwasher? Preliminar Results Of Fungal Mesupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The most contaminated places are kitchens and bathrooms (Ojima et al, 2002;Beumer & Kusumaningrum, 2003;Nishiuchi et al, 2009;Feazel et al, 2009). Zalar et al (2011) observed the fungal flora inside the dishwasher by classic microbiology or the classical sequencing molecular biology approach, whereas in our study we aimed to capture a broader view of fungal communities using the massive parallel sequencing metagenomics approach. Amend et al (2010) showed that fungi are ubiquitous and diverse components of human indoor environments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It represents an interesting habitat, because it is rich in nutrients and water, but on the other hand, it is regularly exposed to extreme conditions, which include high temperatures, very fluctuating humidity levels and high detergent concentrations. (Zalar et al, 2011) presented the study of fungal community in the dishwashers across the world. The focus of their study were polyextermotolerant fungi, which can be potentially pathogenic for humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Who lives in our dishwasher? Preliminar results of fungal metagenomic analysis of household dishwashers

Koren

Kovač

Toplak

2015

AAS

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Who lives in our dishwasher? Preliminar results of fungal metagenomic analysis of household dishwashersIn the last few years the advances in molecular biological methods, especially the development of next generation sequencing, have drastically changed and improved our view of microbial world. Progress in new molecular techniques enables us to overcome potential disadvantages of traditional microbiological techniques in fungal community identifications. It also enables us to evaluate the richness of fungal populations more efficiently and reliably. In the present study, we used the Ion Torrent PGM next generation sequencing platform to analyse fungi present in ordinary household dishwashers. The identification was based on massive parallel sequencing of the D2 LSU rRNA amplicon. The analysis revealed rich and diverse fungal communities present in our dishwashers. Interpretation of the results was based on previously published research by Zalar et al. (2011). The results of our study confirmed that the new technology in many ways surpasses classical methods used in fungal analysis by offering quicker, reliable, more sensitive and inexpensive high-throughput identification of microorganisms in entire communities.Key words: molecular biology / molecular techniques / fungi / metagenomics / next generation sequencing / Ion Torrent PGM / household dishwashers Kdo živi v našem pomivalnem stroju? Preliminarni rezultati metagenomske analize gliv v gospodinjskih pomivalnih strojih Na področju metagenomike je napredek molekularno bioloških metod, predvsem razvoj naslednje generacije sekvenciranja, dramatično spremenil in razširil pogled na mikrobni svet. Napredek novih molekularnih tehnik nam omogoča premagovanje pomanjkljivosti tradicionalnih mikrobioloških tehnik, predvsem pri identifikacij populacij gliv. Z novim pristopom dobimo učinkovitejšo in zanesljivejšo ocenitev števila vrst gliv v določenih populacijah. V naši raziskavi smo uporabili tehnologijo naslednje generacije sekveniranja Ion Torrent za analizo prisotnosti gliv v gospodinjskih pomivalnih strojih. Identifikacija je temeljila na masivni paralelni določitvi nukleotidnega zaporedja podenote D2 LSU glivnega gena rRNA. S končno analizo smo potrdili bogate in raznolike skupnosti gliv v naših pomivalnih strojih, interpretacija rezultatov pa je temeljila na že objavljenih predhodnih raziskavah Zalarjeve in sod. (2011). Rezultati naše raziskave so potrdili, da nova tehnologija na mnogih področjih presega klasične mikrobiološke metode, ki se uporabljajo pri analizi skupnosti gliv in ponuja hitrejšo, zanesljivejšo, občutljivejšo ter cenejšo identifikacijo mikroorganizmov v skupnosti.Ključne besede: molekularna biologija / molekularne tehnike / glive / metagenomika / naslednja generacija sekveniranja / Ion Torrent PGM / gospodinjski pomivalni stroji

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Who Lives In Our Dishwasher? Preliminar Results Of Fungal Mesupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Who lives in our dishwasher? Preliminar results of fungal metagenomic analysis of household dishwashers

Koren

Kovač

Toplak

2015

AAS

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“…The fact that door gaskets are often contaminated, especially by fungus, has been discovered by Zalar et al [5] and confirmed by Dçgen et al [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Hygienic Performance of Commercial Dishwashers with Water-Change System – An Experimental Study

Kerschgens

Artelt

Brychcy

et al. 2016

Tenside Surfactants Detergents

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Hygienic Performance of Commercial Dishwashers with Water-Change System -A nE x p er i m en t a lS t u d y Commercial dishwashers are used in community facilities such as hospitals, refectories, nursing homes or food services. In this area, kitchen and food hygiene is of great importance to ensure consumer health. The aim of this study was to verify the hygienic performance of commercial dishwashers with a water-change system by use of bioindicators. This test method is described in DIN SPEC 10534. Micrococcus luteus was used as the test germ instead of Enterococcus faecium as it imposes no pathogenic risk. Micrococcus luteus was identified in initial studies as an appropriate test germ for hygiene studies. Cleaning and rinsing temperatures and holding time of the cleaning program were varied. High rinsing temperature with a constant cleaning temperature and high cleaning temperatures with a constant rinsing temperature led to a reduction of the viable cell count. Increasing the cleaning temperature resulted in a higher decrease of the viable cell count than increasing the rinsing temperature.

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Mycobial community assemblages in sink drains across a university campus

et al. 2022

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Multiple fungal species, including potential opportunistic pathogens have been previously identified in water systems. Here, we investigated over 250 restroom sink fungal communities across a university campus and evaluated their diversity and core taxa present. Remarkable similarity in mycobial community composition was observed across buildings with Ascomycota consistently dominating. We found a core mycobiome independent of the building sampled, that included Exophiala species, potential opportunistic pathogenic black yeasts. Other prevalent and dominant taxa included Saccharomyces and Fusarium, common built environment fungi. The frequent presence of Malassezia, a common skin commensal, showed the external influence of human activities as a source of fungi to sinks. The study represents a novel exploration of sink P‐traps mycobial communities from a public area and highlights their importance as reservoirs of possible pathogenic fungi, as well as emphasizing the relevance of further research in this understudied ecosystem within the built environment.

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Dishwashers – A man-made ecological niche accommodating human opportunistic fungal pathogens

Cited by 213 publications

References 33 publications

Who lives in our dishwasher? Preliminar results of fungal metagenomic analysis of household dishwashers

Who lives in our dishwasher? Preliminar results of fungal metagenomic analysis of household dishwashers

Hygienic Performance of Commercial Dishwashers with Water-Change System – An Experimental Study

Mycobial community assemblages in sink drains across a university campus

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