Disentangling the Legal and Illegal Wildlife Trade–Insights from Indonesian Wildlife Market Surveys

Nijman, Vincent; Morcatty, Thaís Q.; Feddema, Kim; Campera, Marco; Nekaris, K.A.I.

doi:10.3390/ani12050628

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…These differences may lead to misinterpretations when applying regulations at a more local scale, resulting in illegal trade that is not perceived as such. For example, recent wildlife market surveys conducted in countries where international and domestic trade coexist have shown that both CITES regulations and harvest and trade quotas are often violated, and that disentangling legal and illegal trade is a difficult task [6]. It is of great concern that mischaracterization of legal and illegal wildlife trade and its impacts on the conservation of traded species can mislead policy processes [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confounding Rules Can Hinder Conservation: Disparities in Law Regulation on Domestic and International Parrot Trade within and among Neotropical Countries

Romero-Vidal

Carrete

Hiraldo

et al. 2022

Animals

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Wildlife trade is a major driver of biodiversity loss worldwide. To regulate its impact, laws and regulations have been implemented at the international and national scales. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has regulated the international legal trade since 1975. However, an important volume of illegal trade—mainly within countries—continues to threaten several vertebrate groups, which could be due to a lack of specific legislation or enforcement of existing regulations. Our aim was to gain a more accurate picture of poaching and legal possession of native parrots as pets in the Neotropics, where illegal domestic trade is currently widespread. We conducted a systematic search of the laws of each of the 50 countries and overseas territories, taking into account their year of implementation and whether the capture, possession and/or sale of parrots is permitted. We compared this information with legal exports reported by CITES to assess differences between the enforcement of international and national trade regulations. We found that only two countries (Guyana and Suriname) currently allow the capture, trade and possession of native parrots, while Peru allowed international legal trade until recently. The other countries have banned parrot trade from years to decades ago. However, the timing of implementation of international and national trade regulations varied greatly between countries, with half of them continuing to export parrots legally years or decades after banning domestic trade. The confusion created by this complex legal system may have hindered the adoption of conservation measures, allowing poaching, keeping and trade of protected species within and between neighboring countries. Most countries legally exported Neotropical parrot species which were not native to those countries, indicating that trans-border smuggling often occurred between neighboring countries prior to their legal exportations, and that this illicit activity continues for the domestic trade. Governments are urged to effectively implement current legislation that prohibits the trapping and domestic trade of native parrots, but also to develop coordinated alliances and efforts to halt illegal trade among them. Otherwise, illegal trade will continue to erode the already threatened populations of a large number of parrot species across the Neotropics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confounding Rules Can Hinder Conservation: Disparities in Law Regulation on Domestic and International Parrot Trade within and among Neotropical Countries

Romero-Vidal

Carrete

Hiraldo

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…However, identifying what species have been trapped and traded that are compliant with domestic laws and regulations is less clear due to a variety of regulations and unknown provenances of species. In their article, Nijman and colleagues [ 6 ] suggest that several factors need to be considered with regard to the legality of the wildlife trade that is not limited exclusively to protected species legislation or the CITES listing of exported species. Researchers should consider a broad array of potential violations that include “(1) protected species, (2) harvest quota, (3) welfare, (4) transport restrictions, and (5) importation” [ 6 ] (p. 4).…”

Section: Law and Wildlife Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In their article, Nijman and colleagues [ 6 ] suggest that several factors need to be considered with regard to the legality of the wildlife trade that is not limited exclusively to protected species legislation or the CITES listing of exported species. Researchers should consider a broad array of potential violations that include “(1) protected species, (2) harvest quota, (3) welfare, (4) transport restrictions, and (5) importation” [ 6 ] (p. 4). Using five case studies of various bird species in Indonesia, the investigation of wildlife markets—both on-site and online—made it possible to identify violations of domestic laws along with the magnitude of the trade.…”

Section: Law and Wildlife Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

Wildlife Crime: Issues and Promising Solutions

Pires

Olah

2022

Animals

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“…These include the Javan leopard cat, slow lorises and Trachypithecus langurs. In Indonesia trade in species that are not legally protected is regulated through a harvest quota system [43]. For mammals these are mostly set at zero (i.e., no wild harvest is allowed) or only small numbers are allowed to be harvested and traded for specific purposes.…”

Section: Sanitary and Health Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Viral Infectious Diseases from Live Bats, Primates, Rodents and Carnivores for Sale in Indonesian Wildlife Markets

Morcatty

Pereyra

Ardiansyah

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Southeast Asia is considered a global hotspot of emerging zoonotic diseases. There, wildlife is commonly traded under poor sanitary conditions in open markets; these markets have been considered ‘the perfect storm’ for zoonotic disease transmission. We assessed the potential of wildlife trade in spreading viral diseases by quantifying the number of wild animals of four mammalian orders (Rodentia, Chiroptera, Carnivora and Primates) on sale in 14 Indonesian wildlife markets and identifying zoonotic viruses potentially hosted by these animals. We constructed a network analysis to visualize the animals that are traded alongside each other that may carry similar viruses. We recorded 6725 wild animals of at least 15 species on sale. Cities and markets with larger human population and number of stalls, respectively, offered more individuals for sale. Eight out of 15 animal taxa recorded are hosts of 17 zoonotic virus species, nine of which can infect more than one species as a host. The network analysis showed that long-tailed macaque has the greatest potential for spreading viral diseases, since it is simultaneously the most traded species, sold in 13/14 markets, and a potential host for nine viruses. It is traded alongside pig-tailed macaques in three markets, with which it shares six viruses in common (Cowpox, Dengue, Hepatitis E, Herpes B, Simian foamy, and Simian retrovirus type D). Short-nosed fruit bats and large flying foxes are potential hosts of Nipah virus and are also sold in large quantities in 10/14 markets. This study highlights the need for better surveillance and sanitary conditions to avoid the negative health impacts of unregulated wildlife markets.

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Disentangling the Legal and Illegal Wildlife Trade–Insights from Indonesian Wildlife Market Surveys

Cited by 12 publications

References 45 publications

Confounding Rules Can Hinder Conservation: Disparities in Law Regulation on Domestic and International Parrot Trade within and among Neotropical Countries

Confounding Rules Can Hinder Conservation: Disparities in Law Regulation on Domestic and International Parrot Trade within and among Neotropical Countries

Wildlife Crime: Issues and Promising Solutions

Risk of Viral Infectious Diseases from Live Bats, Primates, Rodents and Carnivores for Sale in Indonesian Wildlife Markets

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