Risk of Viral Infectious Diseases from Live Bats, Primates, Rodents and Carnivores for Sale in Indonesian Wildlife Markets

Morcatty, Thaís Q.; Pereyra, Paula Evelyn Rubira; Ardiansyah, Ahmad; Imron, Muhammad Ali; Hedger, Katherine; Campera, Marco; Nekaris, K.A.I.; Nijman, Vincent

doi:10.3390/v14122756

Cited by 15 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Many wildlife species are also potential carriers of zoonotic viruses and pathogens that can cause human diseases [59]. Javan slow lorises are not known to carry diseases that can be transferred to humans [60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat Use, Terrestriality and Feeding Behaviour of Javan Slow Lorises in Urban Areas of a Multi-Use Landscape in Indonesia

Karimloo,

Campera,

Imron

et al. 2023

Land

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Urban areas are rapidly expanding into natural habitats worldwide. When species are threatened with habitat loss, it is vital to understand how they will respond or adapt to the change in their environment. One primate species threatened by habitat loss is the fully arboreal Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus). This non-leaping species not only relies on canopy continuity but is also subject to capture for illegal wildlife trade, especially in anthropogenic landscapes where they are easier to catch. We examine the use of urban areas by Javan slow lorises in terms of habitat use as well as feeding and terrestriality behaviours in the municipality of Cipaganti in West Java, Indonesia. For this study, we observed Javan slow lorises from May 2018 to April 2020 for two dry periods and two wet periods. We combined home ranges and core areas with a land cover classification of the area to understand the composition of the loris habitat. We also included feeding and terrestriality data to determine the ratio of these activities within each land cover class. We found that approximately half of their territory falls into natural areas (bamboo patches: 45–60%), and the other half is in human land use areas (agriculture, shade gardens, urban areas, and fallow land). Urban areas ranged from 0 to 54% of an individual loris’s habitat, with the proportion of urban land cover being higher in some individuals’ core areas than in their home ranges. Only urban areas showed a variation between periods, with p-values of 0.06 and 0.002 for home ranges and core areas, respectively, showing a significant increase usage during dry periods. Of all feeding observations, 4% occurred in urban areas with nectar being the most common feeding item. We recorded thirteen different food species in urban areas with Calliandra calothrysus being the most frequent. We found that 7% of terrestriality events occurred in urban areas. The findings from this study show that human land use areas cover a significant portion of the Javan slow lorises habitat in this region, further emphasising the need to consider the needs of these Critically Endangered primates when developing natural habitats into those of human managed landscapes. The same principles are true for the large number of species that are able to persist in urban areas in a world increasingly dominated by humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat Use, Terrestriality and Feeding Behaviour of Javan Slow Lorises in Urban Areas of a Multi-Use Landscape in Indonesia

Karimloo,

Campera,

Imron

et al. 2023

Land

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“…For example short-nosed fruit bats have the potential to be infected with 5 (29%) recorded viruses, including Influenza A virus, Issyk-Kul, Japanese encephalitis, Kyasanur forest disease, and Nipah virus. (20).…”

Section: Bats As a Reservoir For Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Analysis and Mutation of Sars-Cov-2 in Bats in Karst Malang City, Indonesia

Keman,

Moch Irfan Hadi,

Dedy Suprayogi

et al. 2024

JKL

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Introduction: A group of people in China were hospitalized with an initial diagnosis of pneumonia of unknown cause. The patients were linked to a wholesale wet seafood and animal market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The disease has spread to other provinces in China, Thailand, Japan, and South Korea in less than a month. SARS-CoV-2 was found to originate from bats. Therefore, this research aims to analyze SARS-CoV-2 mutation in bats in Malang Karst, Indonesia. Methods: Other bat body parts used as research samples include the brain, liver, kidneys, intestines, pancreas, fetus, blood, lungs, and ectoparasites. The samples were taken separately and placed in a container containing 10% PBF. For further analysis, we used RNA Extraction, Real-Time PCR, Sequencing, and CoV Gisaid mutation analysis software to analyze the sequencing data. Then, EMBL software will be used to analyze the phylogenetically. Results and Discussion: There was 1 sample that showed a positive result for Covid-19, namely the intestine of the Cynoptera brachyotis species. There were differences between SARS-CoV-2 in bats in Malang Karst in Indonesia compared to SARS-CoV from 2000 to 2019. The spike protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) is the most variable part of the coronavirus genome. Conclusion: From the research results, one positive sample was obtained using Real-Time PCR, and based on mutation analysis, mutations were found in SARS-CoV-2 against the SARS-CoV virus from 2000-2019. Further research is needed, especially regarding SARS-CoV-2 as a vaccine.

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“…This approach could be useful to set up appropriate containment measures as quickly as possible [ 101 ]. In Asia, animal markets are well-known hotspots for viral emergences and, in particular, the bats that are the reservoir for NiV are sold in many street markets [ 102 ]. The analysis of NiV genome in bats using PCR and seroprevalence studies can therefore be useful to follow the circulation of strains, including new ones, and to better understand how human outbreaks begin.…”

Section: One Health Concept For Preparedness Applied To Nipah Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nipah Virus: An Overview of the Current Status of Diagnostics and Their Role in Preparedness in Endemic Countries

Garbuglia,

Lapa,

Pauciullo

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Nipah virus (NiV) is a paramyxovirus responsible for a high mortality rate zoonosis. As a result, it has been included in the list of Blueprint priority pathogens. Bats are the main reservoirs of the virus, and different clinical courses have been described in humans. The Bangladesh strain (NiV-B) is often associated with severe respiratory disease, whereas the Malaysian strain (NiV-M) is often associated with severe encephalitis. An early diagnosis of NiV infection is crucial to limit the outbreak and to provide appropriate care to the patient. Due to high specificity and sensitivity, qRT-PCR is currently considered to be the optimum method in acute NiV infection assessment. Nasal swabs, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and blood are used for RT-PCR testing. N gene represents the main target used in molecular assays. Different sensitivities have been observed depending on the platform used: real-time PCR showed a sensitivity of about 103 equivalent copies/reaction, SYBRGREEN technology’s sensitivity was about 20 equivalent copies/reaction, and in multiple pathogen card arrays, the lowest limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be 54 equivalent copies/reaction. An international standard for NiV is yet to be established, making it difficult to compare the sensitivity of the different methods. Serological assays are for the most part used in seroprevalence studies owing to their lower sensitivity in acute infection. Due to the high epidemic and pandemic potential of this virus, the diagnosis of NiV should be included in a more global One Health approach to improve surveillance and preparedness for the benefit of public health. Some steps need to be conducted in the diagnostic field in order to become more efficient in epidemic management, such as development of point-of-care (PoC) assays for the rapid diagnosis of NiV.

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Risk of Viral Infectious Diseases from Live Bats, Primates, Rodents and Carnivores for Sale in Indonesian Wildlife Markets

Cited by 15 publications

References 53 publications

Habitat Use, Terrestriality and Feeding Behaviour of Javan Slow Lorises in Urban Areas of a Multi-Use Landscape in Indonesia

Habitat Use, Terrestriality and Feeding Behaviour of Javan Slow Lorises in Urban Areas of a Multi-Use Landscape in Indonesia

Phylogenetic Analysis and Mutation of Sars-Cov-2 in Bats in Karst Malang City, Indonesia

Nipah Virus: An Overview of the Current Status of Diagnostics and Their Role in Preparedness in Endemic Countries

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