Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System

Multicystic bone disease (Gorham–Stout Syndrome) in a spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi )

“…Rickets‐associated bone cysts are infrequent, small, hemorrhagic and possess histological attributes of fibrous osteodystophy. Metabolic bone disease would have other signs of systemic bone loss including generalized bone resorption, alveolar bone rarefaction, and maxilla/mandibular remodeling [10, 40, 51], features that lacked prominence here. Bone cysts are an infrequent finding reported in association with metabolic bone disease, but was found in one non‐human primate series.…”

“…Isolated typically benign bone cysts have been identified as incidental findings from radiographs of humans [7], and a range of animal species [9, 23, 47, 50, 53]. Even so, bone cysts of any type are rare from non‐human primates [40]. Single cysts commonly affect the metaphyses of long bones [2] and in immature individuals may reflect developmental defects in bone growth [45, 52].…”

“…During bone growth, a connection between cyst formation and venous obstruction has been suggested [2]. Acquired bone cysts may appear in response to trauma [23], or more rarely can be one outcome of rickets [40]. Bone cyst‐like structures have been associated with cancers [34, 43] and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis in humans [15, 28], and in a distribution reflecting the primary disease.…”

Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee in Macaca mulatta

“…Further, the anatomy of rhesus macaque knee has resemblance to the human knee joint. This population of monkeys also has a high incidence of spontaneous degenerative arthritis resembling human OA deRousseau, 1988;Lim et al 1996;Pritzker and Kessler, 1998;Pritzker et al 1989Pritzker et al , 1990Renlund et al 1986). …”

A Differential Diagnosis of Osteolytic Lesions in the Curated Skeletal Remains of a Tantalus Monkey (Chlorocebus tantalus)

“…Tuberculosis was once common in nonhuman primates, especially in the 1950s when large numbers of monkeys, mainly macaques, were imported from India, but incidence declined with the adoption of faster shipping and housing the animals in more hygienic conditions (Simmons and Gibbons 2012). In nonhuman primates, the clinical presentation of tuberculosis includes a decrease in locomotion, a propensity for the long bones to bend or fracture, marked thickening of the maxilla and mandible, as well as kyphosis of the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae (Pritzker and Kessler 1998;Woodard and Montgomery 1979). However, specific osseous lesions resulting from tuberculosis appear to be rare in nonhuman primates (Fox et al 1974;Kennard 1941;Martin et al 1968).…”