Diseases

Caplan, Louis R.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04203-4_4

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 577 publications

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“…Due to the compact, complex and non-redundant anatomy of the brainstem, even small pathological changes or lesions can have significant clinical consequences. In particular, specific brainstem structures are affected in different subcortical neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, multisystem atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy [2–5]. Unfortunately, routine MRI using thin-cut T1 and T2-weighted images cannot resolve these individual small brainstem structures or measure subtle quantitative MRI tissue property changes that may escape visual detection by a neuroradiologist in the prodromal or early clinical stages of neurodegeneration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Clinically Feasible 3T MRI Protocol to Discriminate Internal Brain Stem Anatomy

Hoch¹,

Chung²,

Ben‐Eliezer³

et al. 2016

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

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Two new 3-T MRI contrast methods, track density imaging and echo modulation curve T2 mapping were combined with simultaneous multislice acquisition to reveal exquisite anatomical detail at 7 canonical levels of the brainstem. Compared to conventional MRI contrasts, many individual brainstem tracts and nuclear groups were directly visualized for the first time at 3-T. This new approach is clinically practical and feasible (total scan time = 20 min) allowing better brainstem anatomical localization and characterization.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Clinically Feasible 3T MRI Protocol to Discriminate Internal Brain Stem Anatomy

Hoch¹,

Chung²,

Ben‐Eliezer³

et al. 2016

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

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show abstract

“…Due to the spatial concentration of important neural structures in this relatively small brain region, pathological variations or lesions in the brainstem can introduce severe and multiple neurological effects (Donaldson et al, 2006). The brainstem is also known to be involved in a number of degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease (Urban and Caplan, 2011). Hence, detailed non-invasive depiction of its morphology and anatomy may help to better relate normal and pathological anatomical variations to medical conditions as well as neurological and peripheral functions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution MR Imaging of the Human Brainstem In vivo at 7 Tesla

Deistung

Schäfer

Schweser

et al. 2013

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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The human brainstem, which comprises a multitude of axonal nerve fibers and nuclei, plays an important functional role in the human brain. Depicting its anatomy non-invasively with high spatial resolution may thus in turn help to better relate normal and pathological anatomical variations to medical conditions as well as neurological and peripheral functions. We explored the potential of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 7 T for depicting the intricate anatomy of the human brainstem in vivo by acquiring and generating images with multiple contrasts: T2-weighted images, quantitative maps of longitudinal relaxation rate (R1 maps) and effective transverse relaxation rate (Rnormal2normal* maps), magnetic susceptibility maps, and direction-encoded track-density images. Images and quantitative maps were compared with histological stains and anatomical atlases to identify nerve nuclei and nerve fibers. Among the investigated contrasts, susceptibility maps displayed the largest number of brainstem structures. Contrary to R1 maps and T2-weighted images, which showed rather homogeneous contrast, Rnormal2normal* maps, magnetic susceptibility maps, and track-density images clearly displayed a multitude of smaller and larger fiber bundles. Several brainstem nuclei were identifiable in sections covering the pons and medulla oblongata, including the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the reticulotegmental nucleus on magnetic susceptibility maps as well as the inferior olive on R1, Rnormal2normal*, and susceptibility maps. The substantia nigra and red nuclei were visible in all contrasts. In conclusion, high-resolution, multi-contrast MR imaging at 7 T is a versatile tool to non-invasively assess the individual anatomy and tissue composition of the human brainstem.

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Mapping the human brainstem: Brain nuclei and fiber tracts at 3 T and 7 T

et al. 2019

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Structural high‐resolution imaging of the brainstem can be of high importance in clinical practice. However, ultra‐high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is still restricted in use due to limited availability. Therefore, quantitative MRI techniques (quantitative susceptibility mapping [QSM], relaxation measurements [ R2*, R1], diffusion tensor imaging [DTI]) and T2‐ and proton density (PD)‐weighted imaging in the human brainstem at 3 T and 7 T are compared. Five healthy volunteers (mean age: 21.5 ± 1.9 years) were measured at 3 T and 7 T using multi‐echo gradient echo sequences for susceptibility mapping and R2* relaxometry, magnetization‐prepared 2 rapid acquisition gradient echo sequences for R1 relaxometry, turbo‐spin echo sequences for PD‐ and T2‐weighted imaging and readout‐segmented echo planar sequences for DTI. Susceptibility maps were computed using Laplacian‐based phase unwrapping, V‐SHARP for background field removal and the streaking artifact reduction for QSM algorithm for dipole inversion. Contrast‐to‐noise ratios (CNRs) were determined at 3 T and 7 T in ten volumes of interest (VOIs). Data acquired at 7 T showed higher CNR. However, in four VOIs, lower CNR was observed for R2* at 7 T. QSM was shown to be the contrast with which the highest number of structures could be identified. The depiction of very fine tracts such as the medial longitudinal fasciculus throughout the brainstem was only possible in susceptibility maps acquired at 7 T. DTI effectively showed the main tracts (crus cerebri, transverse pontine fibers, corticospinal tract, middle and superior cerebellar peduncle, pontocerebellar tract, and pyramid) at both field strengths. Assessing the brainstem with quantitative MRI methods such as QSM, R2*, as well as PD‐ and T2‐weighted imaging with great detail, is also possible at 3 T, especially when using susceptibility mapping calculated from a gradient echo sequence with a wide range of echo times from 10.5 to 52.5 ms. However, tracing smallest structures strongly benefits from imaging at ultra‐high field.

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Diseases

Cited by 3 publications

References 577 publications

New Clinically Feasible 3T MRI Protocol to Discriminate Internal Brain Stem Anatomy

New Clinically Feasible 3T MRI Protocol to Discriminate Internal Brain Stem Anatomy

High-Resolution MR Imaging of the Human Brainstem In vivo at 7 Tesla

Mapping the human brainstem: Brain nuclei and fiber tracts at 3 T and 7 T

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