“…Chemical analyses of the initial wave of “Bath Salts” preparations suggested that most preparations contained 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV; a selective dopamine and norepinephrine transporter reuptake inhibitor), 3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone; a non-selective monoamine transporter substrate), or 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone; a non-selective monoamine transporter substrate) (Spiller et al, 2011; Shanks et al, 2012; Seely et al, 2013). Consistent with their popularity as recreational drugs, the discriminative stimulus effects of MDPV and methylone overlap with those of cocaine and methamphetamine (Fantegrossi et al, 2013; Gatch et al, 2013; Collins et al, 2016; DeLarge et al, 2017; Harvey et al, 2017; Smith et al, 2017; Gatch and Forster, 2020; Seaman et al, 2021), and both drugs are readily self-administered by rats (Aarde et al, 2013; Watterson et al, 2014; Schindler et al, 2016a; Gannon et al, 2017, 2018c) and non-human primates (Collins et al, 2019; de Moura et al, 2021). Since their emergence, the United States Drug Enforcement Agency has placed 13 synthetic cathinones, including MDPV, methylone, and mephedrone, under Schedule I regulations (Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice 2011, 2014).…”