Discrimination, Symptoms of Depression, and Self-Rated Health Among African American Women in Detroit: Results From a Longitudinal Analysis

Schulz, Amy J.; Gravlee, Clarence C.; Williams, David R.; Israel, Barbara A.; Mentz, Graciela; Rowe, Zachary

doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.064543

Cited by 424 publications

(368 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Explicit bias diminishes physical and mental health of Blacks. 6,[10][11][12][13][14] Blacks across age groups are victims of explicit and implicit racial bias. 12,[15][16][17][18][19] Implicit and explicit bias influence health of Blacks as they activate a number of pathophysiological pathways that cause illness over time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interaction Between Race and Gender and Effect on Implicit Racial Bias Against Blacks

Assari

2018

Int J Epidemiol Res

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Background and aims: Exposure and vulnerability to racial discrimination is not solely a function of race but the intersection of race and gender, with Black men experiencing more discrimination than Black women. This phenomenon is explained by the subordinate male target hypothesis, suggesting that majority men specifically target men of color. If that is the case, implicit bias would be most common among the majority men. The current cross-sectional study investigated race by gender differences in implicit bias against Blacks. Methods: Data came from Harvard University's Project Implicit, an online survey, conducted during 2006-2016. Data included 444 422 implicit association tests (IATs) which were taken by Blacks (n=56 384) and Whites (n=388 038). Using IAT, the dependent variable was implicit bias against Blacks. Independent variables were race, gender, and age. Using SPSS, linear regressions were utilized to test the additive and multiplicative effects of race and gender on implicit bias against Blacks. Results: Race (b = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.38-0.39) and gender (b = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.05-0.05) were associated with IAT score suggesting higher implicit bias against Blacks among Whites and men. A significant interaction was found between race and gender (b = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.04-0.07), suggesting the highest level of implicit bias against Blacks among White men. Conclusion: It is not solely race and gender but their intersection that shapes social distribution of implicit bias against Blacks. This finding extends the previous literature showing that not solely race or gender but their intersection influences exposure to discrimination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction Between Race and Gender and Effect on Implicit Racial Bias Against Blacks

Assari

2018

Int J Epidemiol Res

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“…[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] African Americans and women have been identified as groups who often have unrecognized or untreated depressive symptoms that may impact HIV-related health outcomes. [17][18][19][20][21][22] Individual interventions have been developed to address these negative mood disorders among HIV-infected populations and have been shown to be successful.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Routine Screening for Depression: Identifying a Challenge for Successful HIV Care

Shacham

Nurutdinova

Satyanarayana

et al. 2009

AIDS Patient Care and STDs

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Individuals with HIV experience fluctuating levels of distress throughout the course of HIV infection. This study was conducted to examine the associations of depressive symptomatology with HIV disease in a cohort of individuals who are engaged in routine medical care. This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of depressive symptoms that were measured as part of a standard of care behavioral assessment among individuals at an urban HIV clinic in the Midwest. Demographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, and behavioral risk factors were collected. A total of 514 individuals participated in the study, the majority of whom was male and African American. One quarter of the sample endorsed symptoms of other depressive disorder, while 18% (n ¼ 91) endorsed symptoms of major depressive disorder as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Among those on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), individuals who were unemployed (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] ¼ 2.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] ¼ 1.54, 3.97), had a minor dependent (AOR ¼ 2.17, 95% CI ¼ 1.25, 3.77), or between the ages of 18 and 34 years (AOR ¼ 1.37, CI ¼ 1.03, 1.94) and detectable HIV viral load (AOR ¼ 2.52, 95% CI ¼ 1.22, 5.23) were more likely to report depressive disorder symptoms when controlling for age, gender, race, and education. Nearly 15% of the sample endorsed having suicidal thoughts at least once in the past two weeks. Regardless of HAART prescription, individuals who were unemployed had a higher likelihood of expressing suicidal ideation (AOR ¼ 3.43, 95% CI ¼ 1.66, 7.06). Given the association between depressive symptomatology and poor rates of HIV viral suppression, screening and appropriate interventions for depressive symptoms are warranted in the HIV outpatient setting to improve outcomes.

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“…Traditional mental illness assessment tools and structured instruments are still mainstays in CBPR research (Schulz et al 2006); however, community leaders, promotoras and potential participants in research studies are expressing the need for more culturally appropriate and inclusive research methods/approaches with minorities/ underserved populations. In one study, community members did acknowledge the need to talk about depression but urged researchers to focus on wellness as a more culturally appropriate strategy to effectively converse with the population being studied (Chung et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this category, there were four primary foci: (1) clients and community perception of mental health understanding, coping, needs, access and barriers (Maar et al 2009;Roberts et al 2008;Shattell et al 2008), including acceptability of mental health services delivered in primary care (Roberts et al 2008) and strategies, strengths and challenges related to collaborative Aboriginal mental health care in rural area (Maar et al 2009); (2) assessment of daily discrimination in relation to depression, depressive symptoms and self-rated general health (Schulz et al 2006) and perceptions, responses and needs regarding intimate partner violence (IPV) (Shoultz et al 2010); (3) assessment of school systems (e.g., teacherassistance teams, organizational dynamics) that could be used to create an intervention to improve behavioral and academic functioning of minority students (Mulvaney-Day et al 2006).…”

Section: Mental Health Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Community-Based Participatory Research: A Promising Approach to Address Depression Among Latinos?

Stacciarini

2009

Issues in Mental Health Nursing

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Discrimination, Symptoms of Depression, and Self-Rated Health Among African American Women in Detroit: Results From a Longitudinal Analysis

Cited by 424 publications

References 17 publications

Interaction Between Race and Gender and Effect on Implicit Racial Bias Against Blacks

Interaction Between Race and Gender and Effect on Implicit Racial Bias Against Blacks

Routine Screening for Depression: Identifying a Challenge for Successful HIV Care

A Review of Community-Based Participatory Research: A Promising Approach to Address Depression Among Latinos?

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