Discrimination of two equine racing surfaces based on forelimb dynamic and hoof kinematic variables at the canter

Crevier-Denoix, Nathalie; Pourcelot, Philippe; Holden-Douilly, Laurène; Camus, Matthieu; Falala, Sylvain; Ravary-Plumioën, Bérangère; Vergari, Claudio; Desquilbet, Loïc; Château, Henry

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.046

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Additionally, the synthetic surface induced an increased range of motion between minimum and maximum values of the angle of the hoof to the track. This result is consistent with those described in another study dealing with the same horses where horizontal and vertical translations of the hoof during the braking phase were significantly larger on the synthetic surface compared with turf . Because of its deformability, this surface allows greater amplitude of hoof movement, the latter being determined by the displacement of the horse's centre of gravity and whole corresponding forelimb during stance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…the decreased (shorter) relative swing duration, as the horse has insufficient time to retract its limb before landing. This is in accordance with the higher horizontal and vertical hoof velocities on synthetics compared with turf previously demonstrated using the same horses on the same surfaces . Furthermore, this more cranial obliquity of the limb at the onset of the stance phase can be related to the relative delay observed in most kinematic events of stance on the synthetic surface.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…These results, which are different from those reported by Setterbo et al . , who determined that maximum fetlock extension velocity increased (although not significantly) on the synthetic surface compared with turf, are consistent with the significant differences in maximal limb loading previously described on these surfaces . Maximal vertical and horizontal (longitudinal) forces and loading rates have been demonstrated to be significantly lower on synthetics, which is also in accordance with the data released by the American Jockey Club according to which fatal injuries are fewer on synthetics compared with traditional surfaces (turf and dirt) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Although the tests were performed at a speed much lower than racing speeds, this study confirms that the synthetic surface is overall less strenuous for the forelimb joints most affected in racehorses (fetlock, carpus). Timing differences observed in the kinematic variables confirm those described for dynamic variables and they may affect performance. A definitive conclusion regarding the synthetic surfaces' impact on horse safety and performance should, however, also be based on the analysis of stride parameters and hindlimbs' dynamic and kinematic features.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Track surfaces are implicated in musculoskeletal injuries in racehorses . Biomechanical studies comparing different training or racing surfaces have demonstrated that ground reaction forces (GRF), tendon force and hoof acceleration are lower on synthetic surfaces compared with dirt, turf or sand . In contrast, vertical and horizontal translations of the hoof into the track measured during stance at the canter were greater in synthetic compared with turf surfaces .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative kinematic analysis of the leading and trailing forelimbs of horses cantering on a turf and a synthetic surface

Crevier-Denoix

Falala

Holden-Douilly

et al. 2013

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryReasons for performing study: The relationship between track surface properties and limb kinematics is poorly understood. Hoof orientation within the track surface has never been quantified under training conditions. Previously described kinematic and dynamic differences between leading and trailing forelimbs at the canter poorly correlate with epidemiological data regarding injuries. Objectives: To compare joint kinematics and hoof orientation in the leading and trailing forelimbs of horses cantering on turf and on a synthetic surface. Study design: Noninvasive experimental study. Methods: The right forelimb of 5 horses was equipped with markers facing the main joints while markers and a dynamometric horseshoe were placed on the hoof. The horses were filmed with 2 high-speed cameras (1000 Hz) while cantering (30 km/h). Recordings were repeated at each lead and alternated on turf and on a synthetic surface. Joint angles and angles of the hoof and limb to the track were measured from the 2-dimensional coordinates of the markers. Results: Elbow, carpus and fetlock were more maximally flexed during swing and had a larger range of motion throughout the stride in the leading forelimb. Maximal carpal extension during stance was also larger on this limb, which had a more toe-up orientation. Comparing surfaces, the limb was more oblique at landing, the range of motion of the hoof into the surface was larger, most kinematic events were delayed and fetlock and carpus extension velocities were smaller on the synthetic surface. Conclusions: The differences between limbs were more prominent than those between surfaces and the more toe-up orientation on the hoof of the leading forelimb suggests a different loading of that limb's joints and tendons. Differences between limbs may be important in the interpretation of lead changes in lame horses. While the synthetic surface appears to be less strenuous for the joints in the forelimbs, it was associated with changes in timing of the kinematic events of the stride.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Comparative kinematic analysis of the leading and trailing forelimbs of horses cantering on a turf and a synthetic surface

Crevier-Denoix

Falala

Holden-Douilly

et al. 2013

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Comparison of equipment used to measure shear properties in equine arena surfaces

Lewis¹,

Northrop

Crook

et al. 2015

Biosystems Engineering

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1The design of a novel apparatus, the Glen Withy torque tester (GWTT), for measuring 2 horizontal shear properties in equine sport surfaces is described. Previous research has 3 considered the effect of vertical loading on equine performance and injury but only limited 4 discussion has concerned the grip or horizontal motion of the hoof. The horizontal support of 5 the hoof by the surface must be sufficient to avoid excess slip without overloading the limb. 6The GWTT measures the torque necessary to twist an artificial hoof that is being pushed into 7 the surface under a consistently applied vertical load. Its output was validated using a steel 8 surface, then was used to test two sand and fibre surfaces (waxed and non-waxed) through 9 rotations of 40-140°, and vertical loads of 156-980 N. An Orono biomechanical surface 10 tester (OBST) measured longitudinal shear and vertical force, whilst a traction tester 11 measured rotational shear after being dropped onto the surfaces. A weak, but significant, 12 linear relationship was found between rotational shear measured using the GWTT and 13 longitudinal shear quantified using the OBST. However, only the GWTT was able to detect 14 significant differences in shear resistance between the surfaces.

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Hoof position during limb loading affects dorsoproximal bone strains on the equine proximal phalanx

Singer

Garcia

Stover

2015

Journal of Biomechanics

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Discrimination of two equine racing surfaces based on forelimb dynamic and hoof kinematic variables at the canter

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Comparative kinematic analysis of the leading and trailing forelimbs of horses cantering on a turf and a synthetic surface

Comparative kinematic analysis of the leading and trailing forelimbs of horses cantering on a turf and a synthetic surface

Comparison of equipment used to measure shear properties in equine arena surfaces

Hoof position during limb loading affects dorsoproximal bone strains on the equine proximal phalanx

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