Discrimination of Tomato Plants (Solanum lycopersicum) Grown under Anaerobic Baffled Reactor Effluent, Nitrified Urine Concentrates and Commercial Hydroponic Fertilizer Regimes Using Simulated Sensor Spectral Settings

Abstract

We assess the discriminative strength of three different satellite spectral settings (HyspIRI, the forthcoming Landsat 9 and Sentinel 2-MSI), in mapping tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Linnaeus) plants grown under hydroponic system, using human-excreta derived materials (HEDM), namely, anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) effluent and nitrified urine concentrate (NUC) and commercial hydroponic fertilizer mix (CHFM) as main sources of nutrients. Simulated spectral settings of HyspIRI, Landsat 9 and Sentinel 2-MSI were resampled from spectrometric proximally sensed data. Discriminant analysis (DA) was applied in discriminating tomatoes grown under these different nutrient sources. Results showed that the simulated spectral settings of HyspIRI sensor better discriminate tomatoes grown under different fertilizer regimes when compared to Landsat 9 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI spectral configurations. Using the DA algorithm, HyspIRI exhibited high overall accuracy (OA) of 0.99 and a kappa statistic of 0.99 whereas Landsat OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI exhibited OA of 0.94 and 0.95 and 0.79 and 0.85 kappa statistics, respectively. Simulated HyspIRI wavebands 710, 720, 690, 840, 1370 and 2110 nm, Sentinel 2-MSI bands 7 (783 nm), 6 (740 nm), 5 (705 nm) and 8a (865 nm) as well as Landsat bands 5 (865 nm), 6 (1610 nm), 7 (2200 nm) and 8 (590 nm), in order of importance, were selected as the most suitable bands for discriminating tomatoes grown under different fertilizer regimes. Overall, the performance of simulated HyspIRI, Landsat 9 OLI-2 and Sentinel-2 MSI spectral bands seem to bring new opportunities for crop monitoring.

Partially treated domestic wastewater as a nutrient source for tomatoes (Lycopersicum solanum) grown in a hydroponic system: effect on nutrient absorption and yield

“…The hydroponic system used for this study was developed based on the design by Norström et al. (2003) and Sibanda et al. (2019) and was located at Newlands Mashu Research Station, Durban in South Africa.…”

“…The hydroponic system used for this study was developed based on the design by Norstr€ om et al (2003) and Sibanda et al (2019) and was located at Newlands Mashu Research Station, Durban in South Africa. The system consisted of three individual hydroponic systems, each system consisted of one nutrient solution tank (100 L), a submersible pump, a filter and plant growth bed unit of 15 m  0.5 m x 0.9 m in length, width and height), respectively (Figure 1).…”

Water and Nutrient Recovery for Cucumber Hydroponic Cultivation in Simultaneous Biological Treatment of Urine and Grey Water

“…To optimize the cost of hydroponic production, especially water, its efficiency can be revised by recycling waste streams. Recycled urine has been directly applied to hydroponic systems in the case of lettuce [ 3 , 16 ], tomato [ 17 ] and dwarf tomato [ 18 ], as well as vegetables, such as amaranth and jute mallow [ 19 ]. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using nutrient solutions based on recycled urine–gray water for hydroponic cucumber cultivation.…”

Resource Recovery from Synthetic Nitrified Urine in the Hydroponic Cultivation of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa Var. capitata L.)

“…Here, cultivation was supplied with an aqueous solution of 1500 mL of human urine that had been oxidized with 33% H 2 O 2 and 150 g of human feces. The use of nitrified urine in hydroponics was previously examined in tomato cultivation (Solanum lycopersicum) [20] and in the cultivation of dwarf tomatoes [21]. Other experiments have been performed on water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and during tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivation with diluted, pretreated hydrolyzed urine [12,22] as well as on wheat and watercress cultivated with liquid mineralized human feces and urine [23].…”