Discrimination of Panax ginseng Roots Cultivated in Different Areas in Korea Using HPLC-ELSD and Principal Component Analysis

Lee, Dae-Young; Cho, Jin‐Gyeong; Lee, Minkyung; Lee, Jae-Woong; Lee, Youn‐Hyung; Yang, Deok-Chun; Baek, Nam‐In

doi:10.5142/jgr.2011.35.1.031

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The relationship between the original variables and the samples (cultivating methods) can then be observed by their projection on these few PCs. By using PCA, the information in 5 or more samples or several hundred chemical components can be expressed using 2 or 3 PCs (Lee and others 2011).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volatile Compounds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer Cultured with Different Cultivation Methods

Lee¹,

Kim²,

Kim³

et al. 2012

Journal of Food Science

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The volatile compounds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer analyzed to interpret whether cultivation methods affect volatile compounds. The volatile compounds in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer cultured with 3 different cultivation methods such as good agricultural practice, organic cultivation method, and general cultivation method were isolated by solid-phase microextraction fiber (polydimethylsiloxane 65 μm) and identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Then, the scattering patterns of volatile compounds compared by principal component analysis. As the results, the 14 volatile compounds were identified from 30 ginseng samples and consisted mainly of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The differences among the different cultivation methods of the samples were obvious from the PC1 and PC2 scatter point plot. As the conclusion, the cultivation methods can affect to produce the volatile component of ginseng root. The organic and good agriculture practice cultivation can increase the ginseng characteristic volatile compounds.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volatile Compounds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer Cultured with Different Cultivation Methods

Lee¹,

Kim²,

Kim³

et al. 2012

Journal of Food Science

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“…In addition, a previous report by Kitaoka et al [13] indicated that dissimilar species of ginseng normally have different ginsenoside constituent. Supplementarily the ginsenoside constituent of ginseng can vary according to the species, the age and section of the plant, the conservation method, the period of harvest, and the extraction process [14,15]. The total amount and the frequency of sleep rely on the activity figures of cortical EEG waves [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated Administration of Korea Red Ginseng Extract Increases Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep via GABA_Aergic Systems

Lee¹,

Kim²,

Han³

et al. 2012

Journal of Ginseng Research

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The current inquiry was conducted to assess the change in sleep architecture after long periods of administration to determine whether ginseng can be used in the therapy of sleeplessness. Following post-surgical recovery, red ginseng extract (RGE, 200 mg/ kg) was orally administrated to rats for 9 d. Data were gathered on the 1st, 5th, and 9th day, and an electroencephalogram was recorded 24 h after RGE administration. Polygraphic signs of unobstructed sleep-wake activities were simultaneously recorded with sleep-wake recording electrodes from 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. for 6 h. Rodents were generally tamed to freely moving polygraphic recording conditions. Although the 1st and 5th day of RGE treatment showed no effect on power densities in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the 9th day of RGE administration showed augmented α-wave (8.0 to 13.0 Hz) power densities in NREM and REM sleep. RGE increased total sleep and NREM sleep. The total percentage of wakefulness was only decreased on the 9th day, and the number of sleep-wake cycles was reduced after the repeated administration of RGE. Thus, the repeated administration of RGE increased NREM sleep in rats. The α-wave activities in the cortical electroencephalograms were increased in sleep architecture by RGE. Moreover, the levels of both α- and β-subunits of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor were reduced in the hypothalamus of the RGE-treated groups. The level of glutamic acid decarboxylase was over-expressed in the hypothalamus. These results demonstrate that RGE increases NREM sleep via GABAAergic systems.

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“…Since then, ELSD has been considered the standard choice for ginsenoside analysis. The HPLCELSD method has primarily been used for the simultaneous quantitation of various ginsenosides from Panax species or transformed ginseng preparations [33,37-40], and a principal component analysis of HPLC-ELSD chromatograms has been used to discriminate the geographic origins of P. ginseng roots [41]. Most ELSD analyses produce good chromatographic parameters, including high precision and accuracy, and the limit of detection (LOD) for ginsenosides has been determined at approximately 100 ng [37,38].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Methodology in Ginseng Analysis

Baek¹,

Bae²,

Park³

2012

Journal of Ginseng Research

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As much as the popularity of ginseng in herbal prescriptions or remedies, ginseng has become the focus of research in many scientific fields. Analytical methodologies for ginseng, referred to as ginseng analysis hereafter, have been developed for bioactive component discovery, phytochemical profiling, quality control, and pharmacokinetic studies. This review summarizes the most recent advances in ginseng analysis in the past half-decade including emerging techniques and analytical trends. Ginseng analysis includes all of the leading analytical tools and serves as a representative model for the analytical research of herbal medicines.

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Discrimination of Panax ginseng Roots Cultivated in Different Areas in Korea Using HPLC-ELSD and Principal Component Analysis

Cited by 25 publications

References 16 publications

Volatile Compounds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer Cultured with Different Cultivation Methods

Volatile Compounds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer Cultured with Different Cultivation Methods

Repeated Administration of Korea Red Ginseng Extract Increases Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep via GABA_Aergic Systems

Recent Methodology in Ginseng Analysis

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Discrimination of Panax ginseng Roots Cultivated in Different Areas in Korea Using HPLC-ELSD and Principal Component Analysis

Cited by 25 publications

References 16 publications

Volatile Compounds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer Cultured with Different Cultivation Methods

Volatile Compounds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer Cultured with Different Cultivation Methods

Repeated Administration of Korea Red Ginseng Extract Increases Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep via GABAAergic Systems

Recent Methodology in Ginseng Analysis

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Product

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Repeated Administration of Korea Red Ginseng Extract Increases Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep via GABA_Aergic Systems