Repeated Administration of Korea Red Ginseng Extract Increases Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep via GABA_Aergic Systems

Abstract

The current inquiry was conducted to assess the change in sleep architecture after long periods of administration to determine whether ginseng can be used in the therapy of sleeplessness. Following post-surgical recovery, red ginseng extract (RGE, 200 mg/ kg) was orally administrated to rats for 9 d. Data were gathered on the 1st, 5th, and 9th day, and an electroencephalogram was recorded 24 h after RGE administration. Polygraphic signs of unobstructed sleep-wake activities were simultaneously recorded with sleep-wake recording electrodes from 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. for 6 h. Rodents were generally tamed to freely moving polygraphic recording conditions. Although the 1st and 5th day of RGE treatment showed no effect on power densities in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the 9th day of RGE administration showed augmented α-wave (8.0 to 13.0 Hz) power densities in NREM and REM sleep. RGE increased total sleep and NREM sleep. The total percentage of wakefulness was only decreased on the 9th day, and the number of sleep-wake cycles was reduced after the repeated administration of RGE. Thus, the repeated administration of RGE increased NREM sleep in rats. The α-wave activities in the cortical electroencephalograms were increased in sleep architecture by RGE. Moreover, the levels of both α- and β-subunits of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor were reduced in the hypothalamus of the RGE-treated groups. The level of glutamic acid decarboxylase was over-expressed in the hypothalamus. These results demonstrate that RGE increases NREM sleep via GABAAergic systems.

The psychopharmacological activities of Vietnamese ginseng in mice: characterization of its psychomotor, sedative–hypnotic, antistress, anxiolytic, and cognitive effects

“…Together, these findings indicate that Vietnamese ginseng does not have sedative–hypnotic effect. In contrast to the present result, a study by Lee et al [32] showed that repeated KRGE administration improves the sleep condition of rats. This discrepancy may be related to the various methodological differences between our studies (e.g., difference in doses, animal species, treatment scheme, and others).…”

Prevention of AMI Induced Ventricular Remodeling: Inhibitory Effects of Heart‐Protecting Musk Pill on IL‐6 and TNF‐Alpha

“…Enomoto et al reported that the compounds isolated from Venenum Bufonis have inhibitory effects on IL-6 [15]. Lee and colleagues demonstrated various therapeutic effects of Ginseng and Ginseng extract [16–18]. Ginsenoside is extract of Panax Ginseng.…”

Sedative-Hypnotic and Receptor Binding Studies of Fermented Marine Organisms

“…Several studies have reported that marine organisms are useful as a functional food source that includes essential bioactive compounds, such as protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, neuroactive compounds of catecholamine ( Athukorala et al ., 2006 , Lee et al , 2010 ). Ginseng or ginseng or ginsenosides isolated from ginseng extract have shown to have high affinity to GABA A ( Kimura et al , 1994 ) and 5-HT 2C receptors ( Cho et al ., 2010 ) and also have reported to increase non-rapid eye movement sleep ( Lee et al , 2012 ). Therefore, it has been suggested that GABA-enriched foods may have beneficial effects on sleep behaviors.…”