Discriminating time intervals presented in sequences marked by visual signals

Grondin, Simon

doi:10.3758/bf03194535

Cited by 57 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This finding confirmed the validity of the behavioral task and indicated that the subjects responded based on what they actually perceived, i.e., they consistently judged the sequence as anisochronous when they were aware of the change in deviant stimulus timing and as isochronous when they were unaware of such a change, even though the deviant stimuli were physically identical in their temporal and nontemporal properties. The subjects' performance was within the range of anisochrony detection threshold for visual stimuli reported in the literature (24).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Role of olivocerebellar system in timing without awareness

Ashe²,

Bushara

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The timing of events can be implicit or without awareness yet critical for task performance. However, the neural correlates of implicit timing are unknown. One system that has long been implicated in event timing is the olivocerebellar system, which originates exclusively from the inferior olive. By using event-related functional MRI in human subjects and a specially designed behavioral task, we examined the effect of the subjects' awareness of changes in stimulus timing on the olivocerebellar system response. Subjects were scanned while observing changes in stimulus timing that were presented near each subject's detection threshold such that subjects were aware of such changes in only approximately half the trials. The inferior olive and multiple areas within the cerebellar cortex showed a robust response to time changes regardless of whether the subjects were aware of these changes. Our findings provide support to the proposed role of the olivocerebellar system in encoding temporal information and further suggest that this system can operate independently of awareness and mediate implicit timing in a multitude of perceptual and motor operations, including classical conditioning and implicit learning.cerebellum | visual E ncoding the timing of events is an inherent component of perceptual and motor tasks. Such timing can be implicit or without the subject's awareness yet important for performance regardless of the goal of the task. For example, when throwing a ball at a target, the spatial accuracy relies, at least partially, on precise motor timing; however, subjects may not be explicitly aware of the timing of individual components of this complex multijoint movement (1, 2). Similarly, subjects may improve the speed and accuracy of performing a perceptual task by implicitly using temporal information to predict the timing of sensory stimuli (i.e., temporal expectancy) (3, 4). More directly, implicit timing can be conceptualized as a critical component of classical conditioning and other stimulus/response association processes such as implicit learning and automatic behavior. However, implicit timing or timing without awareness has been difficult to characterize in experimental settings, especially in animal studies, and its neural correlates remain poorly understood (5). One system that has long been implicated in event timing is the olivocerebellar system, which originates exclusively in the inferior olive (6-12). Whether the olivocerebellar system mediates timing without awareness has not been demonstrated directly to our knowledge. However, the capacity of the inferior olive and the climbing fiber system to encode temporal information independently of awareness is supported by indirect evidence from classical conditioning and single cell recording literature (10)(11)(13)(14)(15)(16). In the few imaging and lesion studies in humans that specifically addressed the cerebellar contribution to implicit timing, the term "implicit timing" has not been strictly defined as timing without awareness (5,(17)(18)(19)(2...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Role of olivocerebellar system in timing without awareness

Ashe²,

Bushara

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…When examining the human timing literature, the reader should consider whether participants were asked to segment temporal information or to refrain from using any strategies such as foot tapping, imaging, repetitive movements, or counting seconds Grondin, Ouellet, & Roussel, 2004;. Indeed, there are several reports that show that at certain points between 1 and 2 sec, the Weber fraction 6 is not constant; that is, it is higher at 1.5 and 2 sec than at 1 sec (Drake & Botte, 1993;Grondin, 2001a;Lavoie & Grondin, 2004;Madison, 2001). The fact that the Weber fraction does not remain constant for a larger range of durations could be argued to reflect short-term memory limitations (Gilden & Marusich, 2009;Grondin, 2001c).…”

Section: Specific Investigation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing and time perception: A review of recent behavioral and neuroscience findings and theoretical directions

Grondin

2010

Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics

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Suppose someone had to prepare a review article on visual perception, instead of time perception. This individual would probably ask for a series of reviews, with at least one-and probably several-dedicated to color, distance, shape, and motion perception, and maybe to other aspects of visual perception. It would be very difficult to complete the same exercise for time perception since the categories of temporal experiences are not as clearly defined. However, for a reader to understand the scope of a text on time perception, it is essential to develop a representation of what the main research avenues or categories are. The present text should help the reader to grasp the scope of recent literature related to psychological time and time perception.After a brief overview of the various perspectives on what could be meant by psychological time, the review will propose to identify of series of key concepts and empirical findings that should delineate the field of time perception and timing, and will discuss some models of time perception. The article also provides a review of the main recent findings in the field in which a neuroscientific approach to timing is adopted. In this section, the roles of the cerebellum, of the cerebral cortices, and of the basal ganglia in the timing processes are emphasized. Time Perception Beyond the Focus of the Present ReviewThere is a wide range of research on psychological time and temporal processing, mainly because of the ubiquity of time in behavior and the relevance of a temporal perspective in regard to living organisms and events. There is a vast literature in social psychology as to how behavior is shaped by time (see Perret-Clermont, 2005, or Strathman & Joireman, 2005, which includes topics such as time management, time perspective, and time orientation, or the relative value of past and future (Caruso, Gilbert, & Wilson, 2008;Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). Even within the scope of experimental psychology, some studies have emphasized how the temporal structure of events determines our perception of the world (see the second part of Helfrich, 2003).Some authors who are interested in consciousness have adopted a phenomenological perspective on time (see the first part of Buccheri, Saniga, & Stuckey, 2003). Indeed, time and consciousness have become more closely linked recently with the development of a new area of research on the concept of chronesthesia (awareness of subjective time; Tulving, 2002), as opposed to noetic consciousness (awareness of the world) or autonoetic consciousness (awareness of self in time). Interestingly, there is now evidence that even animals can anticipate the future (Roberts, 2008).There are many psychological time studies related in various ways to memory processes (Block & Zakay, 2008). One research avenue deals with the chronology of events in our lives, particularly the memory of the order of occurrence of these events (Damasio, 2002;Friedman, 1993 The aim of the present review article is to guide the reader through portions of the human time per...

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“…Multiple-interval advantages have been reported for both auditory and visual sequences for tasks involving time interval perception, as well as production (Grondin, 2001a;Ivry & Hazeltine, 1995;McAuley & Jones, 2003;McAuley & Kidd, 1998;Rousseau & Rousseau, 1996;ten Hoopen & Akerboom, 1983). There are notable exceptions, however.…”

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confidence: 98%

“…There are notable exceptions, however. Some studies have reported mixed results (Grondin, 2001a;Hirsh, Monahan, Grant, & Singh, 1990;Schulze, 1989), whereas others have shown no multiple-interval advantage (Pashler, 2001;ten Hoopen et al, 1994). One factor preventing a clear interpretation of some of this research is that the numbers of standard and comparison intervals have sometimes covaried, making the precise reason for improvements in tempo sensitivity unclear (Drake & Botte, 1993;Grondin, 2001a;McAuley & Kidd, 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been a number of previous studies addressing questions pertaining to tempo sensitivity, involving both auditory and visual stimuli (Drake & Botte, 1993;Grondin, 2001a;Ivry & Hazeltine, 1995;McAuley & Kidd, 1998;Michon, 1964;Schulze, 1978Schulze, , 1989Vos, van Assen, & Franek, 1997). Nonetheless, basic questions about the nature of mechanism(s) used to detect changes in tempo and to make judgments about relative tempo remain unanswered (see Grondin, 2001b, for a recent excellent review).…”

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confidence: 99%

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