Discrepancy Study of the Chemical Constituents of Panax Ginseng from Different Growth Environments with UPLC-MS-Based Metabolomics Strategy

Abstract

Panax ginseng (P. ginseng), the dried root and rhizome of P. ginseng C. A. Meyer, is widely used in many fields as dietary supplements and medicine. To characterize the chemical constituents in P. ginseng cultivated in different growth environments, a UPLC-TOF-MS method was established for qualitative analysis. Four hundred and eight ginsenosides, including 81 new compounds, were characterized in P. ginseng from different regions. Among the detected compounds, 361 ginsenosides were recognized in P. ginseng cultivated in the region of Monsoon Climate of Medium Latitudes, possessing the largest amount of ginsenosides in all samples. Furthermore, 41 ginsenosides in 12 batches of P. ginsengs were quantified with a UPLC-MRM-MS method, and P. ginsengs from different regions were distinguished via chemometric analysis. This study showed that the different environments have a greater influence on P. ginseng, which laid a foundation for further quality control of the herb.

Mass spectrometry-based ginsenoside profiling: Recent applications, limitations, and perspectives

“…To mitigate this ambiguity, more detailed metadata (structured information regarding the data) should be collected and provided in future ginseng profiling studies. In this regard, a recent study by Sun et al shows which types of data should be provided, although whether these types are optimal is unclear [ 77 ]. In addition to the names of the provinces, the authors provided GPS coordinates and the climates of the collection sites, which enabled them to suggest a climate-related hypothesis.…”

Compound K Production: Achievements and Perspectives

“…Meyer (Korean ginseng), Panax japonicus C.A (Japanese ginseng), Panax quinquefolius L. (America ginseng), Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. Chen (Sanchi ginseng), have been widely used as dietary supplements in recent years [1,2]. There are various chemical components in ginseng, such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, polyacetylenes, glycoconjugate compounds, and amino acids.…”

“…Furthermore, ginsenosides have been demonstrated to enhance the central nervous system and protect the blood vessels from cardiovascular disease [11,12]. Recently, ginsenosides and their derivatives have been used as cosmetic and dietary supplements [2,13]. Interestingly, ginsenosides have shown potential as promising medicines for the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 [14].…”

Mitochondrial dysfunction in heart diseases: Potential therapeutic effects of Panax ginseng

“…64 ginsenosides including Rg1, Re, Rf and Rb1 were isolated from 70% ethanol extract of P. ginseng flower by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS ( Li et al, 2018b ). More than 400 compounds were identified from the methanol extracts of P. ginseng cultivated in different growth environments, including 81 new compounds, such as hexanoyl-Rd and decadienoyl-Rh1 ( Sun et al, 2023 ).…”