Mitochondrial dysfunction in heart diseases: Potential therapeutic effects of Panax ginseng

Abstract

Heart diseases have a high incidence and mortality rate, and seriously affect people’s quality of life. Mitochondria provide energy for the heart to function properly. The process of various heart diseases is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Panax ginseng (P. ginseng), as a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used to treat various cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have confirmed that P. ginseng and ginsenosides can regulate and improve mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, the role of mitochondria in various heart diseases and the protective effect of P. ginseng on heart diseases by regulating mitochondrial function were reviewed in this paper, aiming to gain new understanding of the mechanisms, and promote the clinical application of P. ginseng.

Cardiovascular protection of YiyiFuzi powder and the potential mechanisms through modulating mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum interactions

“…The anti-inflammatory properties of YYFZ were demonstrated through clinical metabolomics, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and atomic force microscopy analysis (Wang, 2019;Wang Y. et al, 2023), via inhibiting the activation of the MAPK signaling pathways, reducing the production of TNF-α, and promoting the release of anti-inflammatory substances. This powder is commonly used in China to treat various inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and myocarditis (Liu, 1991;Zhang F. F. et al, 2023;Wang Y. Y. et al, 2023). Its anti-inflammatory effects are attributed to its active components, including flavonoids, stilbenes, and anthraquinones (Chung et al, 2010;Zhu, 2017;Feng et al, 2021;Sui and Xu, 2022).…”

“…The anti-apoptotic effects through the mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway are also associated with the decrease of Caspase 8, Cyto-C, Fas, and Bax expression, and the increase of Bcl-2 expression. Decreasing Caspase 8, Cyto-C, and Fas expression can potentially protect cardiac cells from apoptosis and mitigate various cardiac pathologies, including MI, cardiomyopathy, and HF ( van Empel et al, 2005 ; Cao et al, 2023 ). Furthermore, Bax is a proapoptotic protein that promotes cell death, while Bcl-2 is an antiapoptotic protein that inhibits cell death.…”

“…Additional benefits have been noted in unstable angina patients, including improvements in their clinical symptoms, signs, and electrocardiogram ischemia, as well as reductions in homocysteine levels (Wang, 2018). The formula also treats other systemic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (Zhang F. F. et al, 2023;Wang Y. Y. et al, 2023) and bronchial asthma (Yu Z. X. et al, 2011;Yu et al, 2016).…”

Transplantation of exogenous mitochondria mitigates myocardial dysfunction after cardiac arrest

“…The heart requires up to 30 kg of ATP daily to maintain systolic function ( Hall, et al, 2014 ). Due to the high energy requirements of the myocardium, mitochondria make up approximately one-third of the volume of cardiomyocytes ( Cao, et al, 2023 ). The occurrence of PAMD is associated with mitochondrial damage with increased mitochondrial volume, accumulation of calcium ions, a diminution in complex activity, and a decrease in phosphate synthesis ( Huang, et al, 2015 ; McCully, et al, 2023 ; Su, et al, 2021 ; Tsai, et al, 2021 ).…”

Preparation, characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic study of ginsenoside Rb1-PLGA nanoparticles

“…With a molecular weight of 1109 and molecular formula C 54 H 92 O 23 , GRb1 falls under the category of tetracyclic triterpene saponins. GRb1 exhibits remarkable pharmacological activities, widely acknowledged in modern medicine for its diverse effects on the central nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, immune, endocrine, and urogenital systems 14 , 15 . Particularly within the cardiovascular realm, GRb1 notably ameliorates ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, acute or chronic heart failure, and effectively reduces both transient and persistent hypertension.…”