Discovery of isotopes of elements with

Abstract

Currently, 163 isotopes of elements with Z ≥ 100 have been observed and the discovery of these isotopes is discussed here.For each isotope a brief synopsis of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented.

Current status and future potential of nuclide discoveries

“…Beyond aluminum the dripline has most likely not been reached yet with the observation that 42 Al is bound with respect to neutron emission [151]. The remaining three nuclides, 95 Cd, 97 In, and 99 Sn, bring up the discussion of what should be counted as a discovery. The particle identification plot in the recent publication by Hinke et al exhibits clear evidence for the presence of 95 Cd and 97 In and a few events of 99 Sn [163].…”

“…= 164 gap and end in 270 Bh, 265 Rf, 268 Db, and 267 Rf, respectively. It should be mentioned that the odd-Z N-Z = 57 chain passes through the N = 164 isotone 271 Bh, however, the properties of this nuclide could not unambiguously be determined[95].The decay chains cannot be connected to known nuclides by extending them to lower masses because they terminate in nuclides which spontaneously fission. The relationship has to be established by systematic features of neighboring isotopes for different elements.…”

Actinide targets for the synthesis of super-heavy elements

“…Element 113 has also been produced using a non-actinide target, in a multi-year experiment using a zinc beam on a bismuth target at RIKEN, Wako [35]. Additional information on the observation and identification of isotopes with Z ≥ 100 can be found in [36].…”

Search for long-lived superheavy eka-tungsten with radiopure ZnWO4crystal scintillator

“…In experiments on the artificial synthesis of the SHE in fusion of ions with accelerators, more than one hundred different unstable isotopes with Z = 104 − 118 were created [17,18,19,20], with half-lives from microseconds to hours (for 268 Db T 1/2 = 29 +9 −6 h [18]). New isotopes with Z = 107 − 118 predominantly undergo a chain of α decays followed by spontaneous fission (SF) [19].…”