2015
DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.009
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Actinide targets for the synthesis of super-heavy elements

Abstract: Since 2000, six new super-heavy elements with atomic numbers 113 through 118 have been synthesized in hot fusion reactions of 48 Ca beams on actinide targets. These target materials, including 242 Pu, 244 Pu, 243 Am, 245 Cm, 248 Cm, 249 Cf, and 249 Bk, are available in very limited quantities and require specialized production and processing facilities resident in only a few research centers worldwide. This report describes the production and chemical processing of heavy actinide materials for super-heavy elem… Show more

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Cited by 96 publications
(52 citation statements)
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“…In such reactions involving heavy elements the dominant reaction processes are quasifission (QF) and fusion-fission (FF), which are expected to strongly suppress the formation of an evaporation residue at higher excitation energies. For this reason it was a major surprise to observe that the so called hot fusion reactions, despite of their higher excitation energy, were able to synthesize elements Z=113-118 [9,10]. The hot fusion reactions utilized actinide targets with 48 Ca projectiles.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In such reactions involving heavy elements the dominant reaction processes are quasifission (QF) and fusion-fission (FF), which are expected to strongly suppress the formation of an evaporation residue at higher excitation energies. For this reason it was a major surprise to observe that the so called hot fusion reactions, despite of their higher excitation energy, were able to synthesize elements Z=113-118 [9,10]. The hot fusion reactions utilized actinide targets with 48 Ca projectiles.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[20,21] However,e ven with the case for developing the fundamental chemistry of these elements being hindered, both berkelium and californium have importantu ses as targets for fusion reactions that yield SHEs such as tennessine (Z = 117) and oganesson (Z = 118), and perhaps even in preparing elements that are not currently known. [22,23] In addition, while chemists often view the radioactive decay of actinides as an uisancea nd hazard, the spontaneous fission of 252 Cf (t1 = 2 = 2.6 y), and the resultant high flux of neutrons,h as led to numerous applications in portable neutron activation analysis, for whichi ti si nh igh demandi nt he petroleum and miningi ndustries. [24,25] Finally, during the Eisenhower administration substantial efforts were made to alter the course of the atomic era from one that developedh orrifying weapons of mass destruction to methods for unifying humanity,t hat is, the "Atomsf or Peace" program.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The one caveat is that the corresponding target materials would have to be 99 Es and 100 Fm, which are not available in quantities that suffice to make targets for such synthesis experiments. Current technology for the production of transuranium isotopes, e.g., at the ORNL's High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) is capable of producing µg and pg amounts of long-lived 99 Es and 100 Fm isotopes, respectively [17], which is orders of magnitude less than the experiments discovering and studying the heaviest known elements required. Still, fusion reactions with actinide targets are generally expected to provide the highest cross sections for the synthesis of new elements with Z≥119.…”
Section: The Search For New Elements Beyond Ogmentioning
confidence: 99%