Discovery of antidepressant activity by forced swimming test may depend on pre-exposure of rats to a stressful situation

Borsini, Franco; Lecci, Alessandro; Sessarego, Antonella; Frassine, Rosangela; Meli, Alberto

doi:10.1007/bf00442247

Cited by 109 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…Pre-exposure to the same stressor (the initial Porsolt test) in control non-enriched animals led to an exacerbated effect in the second (final) Porsolt test, reflected as an increase in the immobility time. This long-term (10 weeks) effect is similar to that reported over shorter periods immediately before the test or with pretest sessions (Borsini et al, 1989), as well as when studying different parameters like corticosterone levels (Murison et al, 1986), or the effects of antidepressant drugs (Armario et al, 1988;Borsini et al, 1989;Hilakivi et al, 1989). This action is not surprising, as different stressors have been shown inducing pre-exposure-induced response sensitization to similar, less intense stressors (Rau et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Antidepressant and Proneurogenic Influence of Environmental Enrichment in Mice: Protective Effects vs Recovery

Llorens‐Martin

Tejeda

Trejo

2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Physical-cognitive activity has long-lasting beneficial effects on the brain and on behavior. Environmental enrichment (EE) induces brain activity known to influence the behavior of mice, as measured in learned helplessness paradigms (forced swim test), and neurogenic cell populations in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. However, it is not completely clear whether the antidepressant and proneurogenic effects of EE are different in animals that are naive or pre-exposed to the stress inducing helplessness, and if this depends on the type of stressor. It also remains unclear whether differential effects are exerted on distinct neurogenic subpopulations. We found that EE has a protective effect in adult female mice (C57BL/6J) when exposed twice to the same stressor (forced swim test) but it has no influence on recovery. The repeated exposure to this stressor was analyzed together with the effects of EE on different neurogenic populations distinguished by age and differentiation state. Younger cells are more sensitive and responsive to the conditions, both the positive and negative effects. These results are relevant to identify the cell populations that are the targets of stress, depression, and enrichment, and that form part of the mechanism responsible for mood dysfunctions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Antidepressant and Proneurogenic Influence of Environmental Enrichment in Mice: Protective Effects vs Recovery

Llorens‐Martin

Tejeda

Trejo

2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…The shallow water depth would inhibit WKY rats from engaging in active behaviors that were a prominent component of their antidepressant response in the present study. In addition, Lahmame used an acute dosing procedure without the benefit of a pretest, which would be expected to be less sensitive for detecting antidepressant behavioral effects (Borsini et al 1989). Different suppliers of WKY rats (Charles River, U.S. or France) could also account for differences between studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This test induces the development of immobility when a rodent has been placed in a tank of deep water for an extended period of time and makes only those movements necessary to keep its head above water (Porsolt et al 1977). The development of immobility is usually facilitated by prior exposure to a swimming pretest or other stressors (Borsini et al 1989). Whether administered chronically or after brief subchronic administration, antidepressant drugs decrease the duration of immobility in the FST.…”

Section: -Kyoto (Wky) Rats Provide a Model Of Stressinduced Depressivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain Differences in the Behavioral Effects of Antidepressant Drugs in the Rat Forced Swimming Test

López‐Rubalcava

Lucki

2000

Neuropsychopharmacology

314

154

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-Kyoto (WKY) rats provide a model of stressinduced depressive behavior, because they show enhanced vulnerability to the effects of stressors. The present study examined differences in the behavioral response to different types of antidepressant drugs between WKY and SpragueDawley (SD) rats in the forced swimming test (FST). WKY rats displayed significantly greater immobility than SD rats during their exposure to the FST. The noradrenergic antidepressant, desipramine, produced a dose-dependent reduction of immobility and increase of climbing behavior in the SD rats. In WKY rats, desipramine reduced immobility at a lower dose and produced increases of both swimming and climbing behavior. The serotonergic compounds, fluoxetine and 8-OH-DPAT, produced dosedependent reductions of immobility and increases of swimming behavior in the FST in SD ratsThere has been interest in performance differences between different rodent strains on behavioral tests for antidepressants, because such differences may identify underlying constitutive factors that contribute to the vulnerability to clinical depression in humans. A number of authors have reported robust interstrain differences both in baseline performances and the response to antidepressant drugs in animal behavioral tests that are sensitive to antidepressant drugs (Porsolt et al. 1978; Van der Heyden et al. 1987;Overstreet et al. 1992;Paré, 1992;Armario et al. 1995). One inbred rat strain, the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat bred initially from the Wistar rat as the control strain for the spontaneously hypertensive rat or SHR (Okamoto and Aoki 1963), has been proposed as an animal model of depressive behavior (Paré 1989;Paré and Redei 1993;Marti and Armario 1996), because they consistently demonstrate exaggerated behavioral and physiological responses to stress across a variety of situations in comparison to other strains. The WKY strain is one of the most susceptible to developing learned helplessness (Wieland et al. 1986;Paré 1994) (Paré 1993;Paré 1996), and demonstrate greater hypo neophagia; that is, the fear of feeding in a novel environment when hungry, than other rat strains (Paré 1994). As expected from this profile, WKY rats readily acquire passive avoidance behaviors, but they demonstrate deficits when emitting active avoidance or anxiety-related behaviors (Paré 1994). Physiologically, the WKY strain is more susceptible to developing gastric ulceration to stress than other rat strains (Paré 1990(Paré , 1994, and they secrete higher levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone in response to restraint plus cold stress (Paré and Redei 1993).The FST is a behavioral test in rodents that predicts the clinical efficacy of many types of antidepressant treatments (Porsolt et al 1977(Porsolt et al , 1978. This test induces the development of immobility when a rodent has been placed in a tank of deep water for an extended period of time and makes only those movements necessary to keep its head above water (Porsolt et al. 1977). The development of immobility is usually facilitated by prior...

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“…The procedures used for swim stress were identical to those described previously by others (Porsolt et al, 1977(Porsolt et al, , 1978Borsini and Meli, 1988;Borsini et al, 1989;Detke et al, 1995). Rats were handled for 4 consecutive days before swim stress.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The behavioral pattern elicited by swim stress has served as a valid model for predicting antidepressant activity (Porsolt et al, 1977(Porsolt et al, , 1978Borsini and Meli, 1988;Borsini et al, 1989;Detke et al, 1995). Identification of neurochemical substrates involved in the response provides rationale for the develop- ment of novel therapeutic agents.…”

Section: Clinical Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Circuitry Underlying Regulation of the Serotonergic System by Swim Stress

et al. 2003

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The dorsal raphe nucleus (DR)-serotonin (5-HT) system has been implicated in depression and is dramatically affected by swim stress, an animal model with predictive value for antidepressants. Accumulating evidence implicates the stress-related neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the effect of swim stress on this system. This study investigated neural circuits within the DR that are activated by swim stress as revealed by neuronal expression of the immediate early gene, c-fos. Swim stress increased c-fos expression in the dorsolateral subregion of the DR. The majority of c-fos-expressing neurons were doubly labeled for GABA (85 Ϯ 5%), whereas relatively few were immunolabeled for 5-HT (4 Ϯ 1%), glutamate (0.5 Ϯ 0.3%) or calbindin (1.5 Ϯ 0.3%). Dual immunohistochemical labeling revealed that c-fos-expressing neurons in the dorsolateral DR were enveloped by dense clusters of CRF-immunoreactive fibers and also contained immunolabeling for CRF receptor, suggesting that c-fos-expressing neurons in the DR were specifically targeted by CRF. Consistent with this, the CRF receptor 1 antagonist, antalarmin, prevented swim-stress-elicited c-fos expression in the dorsolateral DR. Together with previous findings that both swim stress and CRF decrease 5-HT release in certain forebrain regions, these results suggest that swim stress engages CRF inputs to GABA neurons in the dorsolateral DR that function to inhibit 5-HT neurons and 5-HT release in the forebrain. This circuitry may underlie some of the acute behavioral responses to swim stress as well as the neuronal plasticity involved in long-term behavioral changes produced by this stress.

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Discovery of antidepressant activity by forced swimming test may depend on pre-exposure of rats to a stressful situation

Cited by 109 publications

References 46 publications

Antidepressant and Proneurogenic Influence of Environmental Enrichment in Mice: Protective Effects vs Recovery

Antidepressant and Proneurogenic Influence of Environmental Enrichment in Mice: Protective Effects vs Recovery

Strain Differences in the Behavioral Effects of Antidepressant Drugs in the Rat Forced Swimming Test

Circuitry Underlying Regulation of the Serotonergic System by Swim Stress

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