Discovery of an introduced Banggai Cardinalfish population in Palu Bay, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Life History of Banggai Cardinalfish, Pterapogon Kauderni (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Apogonidae), from Banggai Islands and Palu Bay, Sulawesi, Indonesia

“…several trade routes, including at least two sites in Palu Bay (Moore and Ndobe 2007). The Banggai cardinalfish is a paternal mouth-brooder with direct development and without pelagic dispersal phase, as the larvae, on release, swiftly seek refuge in nearby substrate (Vagelli 1999).…”

Recent Invasion of the Endemic Banggai Cardinalfish, Pterapogon kauderni at The Strait of Bali: Assessment of the Habitat Type and Population Structure

“…A different condition was observed in Palu Bay, where this species occupies an area totally lacking of Diadema sp. (Moore and Ndobe, 2007). In addition, given the high number of associate species of the P. kauderni in their natural geographic distribution (Vagelli and Erdmann, 2002), population in Bali Strait seem possessed a less associate species.…”

“…As a species with an extremely limited natural distribution, P. kauderni have been succeed to develop outside their natural geographic distribution, including Lembeh Strait, North Sulawesi (Erdmann and Vagelli, 2001); Luwuk, Central Sulawesi (Vagelli and Erdmann, 2002); and Palu Bay, Central Sulawesi (Moore and Ndobe, 2007). Those areas were possibly have a different environmental condition compared to their natural habitat but P. kauderni appears quite tolerant to environmental changes and pollution (Vagelli and Erdmann, 2002).…”

“…For instance, this species have been found inhabiting an area with a high risk of contamination derived from the human activities (Vagelli and Erdmann, 2002). On the other hand, a small population of P. kauderni in the Palu Bay also known to living in area with a low salinity level compared to those in Banggai Islands (Moore and Ndobe, 2007). Meanwhile, habitats of P. kauderni in Bali Strait which is located near the Gilimanuk port are potentially contaminated by the human activities.…”

“…Unfortunately, despite the growing number of species exported, management trade of these ornamental species are not regularly monitored (Moreau and Lunn, 2004) and the frequency of fish rejection remain high especially for village-based fisheries (Militz et al, 2016). The release of any rejected fish could leads to the introduction of species beyond their natural distribution as in the case of invasion of the P. kauderni in Lembeh Strait, North Sulawesi (Erdmann and Vagelli, 2001); Luwuk, Central Sulawesi (Vagelli and Erdmann, 2002); Palu Bay, Central Sulawesi (Moore and Ndobe, 2007) and Bali (Allen and Erdmann, 2012).…”