Directional variations in the extensibility of human skin

Stark, H.L.

doi:10.1016/0007-1226(77)90001-7

Cited by 79 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Some of these effects are strongly correlated with the Langer's lines (Ridge and Wright, 1966;Gibson et al, 1969;Stark, 1977). Some others are related to the body geometry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo biomechanics of the fingerpad skin under local tangential traction

Wang

Hayward

2007

Journal of Biomechanics

139

103

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Small patches of fingerpad glabrous skin in human subjects were tested in vivo for their biomechanical properties under tangential loading and for large deformations. These conditions included stretching and shearing the skin at a length scale of 0.3 mm using an apparatus comprising a pair of piezoelectric benders arranged to increase the stiffness/free deflection tradeoff when compared to ordinary cantilevered benders. It was then possible to test the skin with up to 80% of tangential strain. With feedback control, it was also possible to create isotonic and isometric testing conditions. The results showed much variability across subjects and it was seen that the glabrous skin exhibited nonlinear stiffening in tangential traction. The skin was consistently more elastic across the ridges than along the ridges regardless of the location of the sample on the fingerpad. The skin behaved visco-elastically but relaxed about twice as fast than it crept. Finally, it was found that under large deformation, there was consistently an 80% of hysteretic loss for a wide range of loading conditions.

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“…Some of these effects are strongly correlated with the Langer's lines (Ridge and Wright, 1966;Gibson et al, 1969;Stark, 1977). Some others are related to the body geometry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo biomechanics of the fingerpad skin under local tangential traction

Wang

Hayward

2007

Journal of Biomechanics

139

103

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“…If the cyst is round, the short diagonal can be chosen to lie along the maximum extensibility of the skin. 4 After considering the shape and the axis of the defect to be created, the edges of the lesion are marked and a rhomboid is delineated around it (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rhomboid flap: a simple technique to cover the skin defect produced by excision of a mucous cyst of a digit

Imran

Koukkou

Bainbridge

2003

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume

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“…Research done on extensibility of the skin has shown that when the skin extends, three factors act consecutively: 1) convolutions in the dermal collagen fibers straighten out, 2) the dermal collagen fibers get aligned parallel to each other in the direction of the load, and 3) as the load increases, the aligned fibers extend. This phenomenon is responsible for directional variations in extensibility of the skin at various locations [6]. In this respect, skin behaves like a typical elastomer, and it suggests that elastomers can be used to model skin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the effect of the normal load on the incidence of friction blisters in a skin-simulant model

Chimata

Schwartz

2014

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J:

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A laminar skin simulant was constructed to study the incidence of friction blisters. The skin simulant consists of a thin polyurethane top layer and textured gum foam rubber bottom layer adhered to an acrylic-backing plate to emulate the layered structure of the human skin. Friction blisters were produced on the skin simulant by using a dual-axis tribometer. The effect of the applied normal load on the number of cycles required to produce a blister was investigated. The skin simulant was also analyzed as an adhesive-bonded laminar composite to determine the relationship between the applied normal load and the number of cycles for blistering. The normal load and the number of cycles were found to be inversely related and vary by a power law function, as observed in previous work on human subjects in Naylor's pioneering study. The results obtained from the experimental data and the fracture mechanics modeling of the skin simulant indicate the potential of elastomeric skin simulant in providing useful insight into blister mechanics and other tribological properties of skin. AbstractA laminar skin simulant was constructed to study the incidence of friction blisters. The skin simulant consists of a thin polyurethane top layer and textured gum foam rubber bottom layer adhered to an acrylic backing plate to emulate the layered structure of the human skin. Friction blisters were produced on the skin simulant by using a dual axis tribometer. The effect of the applied normal load on the number of cycles required to produce a blister was investigated. The skin simulant was also analyzed as an adhesive bonded laminar composite to determine the relationship between the applied normal load and the number of cycles for blistering. The normal load and the number of cycles were found to be inversely related and vary by a power law function, as observed in previous work on human subjects in Naylor's pioneering study. The results obtained from the experimental data and the fracture mechanics modeling of the skin simulant indicate the potential of elastomeric skin simulant in providing useful insight into blister mechanics and other tribological properties of skin.2

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Directional variations in the extensibility of human skin

Cited by 79 publications

References 1 publication

In vivo biomechanics of the fingerpad skin under local tangential traction

In vivo biomechanics of the fingerpad skin under local tangential traction

The rhomboid flap: a simple technique to cover the skin defect produced by excision of a mucous cyst of a digit

Investigation of the effect of the normal load on the incidence of friction blisters in a skin-simulant model

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