Directional irregular wave kinematics / by Christopher H. Barker, Rodney J. Sobey ; prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ; monitored by U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station.

Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries

“…Its importance can be evidenced by the number of companies that vied for the patent rights for it. [400][401][402] The reactivity of VC apparently arises from its polymerizable vinyl functionality and its structure of high strain, which is caused by the sp 2 -hybridized carbons on the ring (Tables 9 and 10). 403 The small concentration of VC can effectively reduce the irreversible capacity associated with the 0.80 V process in almost any PC-based electrolyte, 400 and its presence, even in bulk concentrations, does not constitute any instability on the charged surface of either anode or cathode materials.…”

“…In the latter case, an electrolyte of 1.0 M LiPF 6 /PC/VC performed reversibly up to 4.3 V with a LiMn 2 O 4 cathode. 401 In a recent report Aurbach and co-workers thoroughly described the effect of VC as additive in electrolytes for lithium ion cells based on the graphitic anode and LiMn 2 O 4 or LiNiO 2 cathode, using various techniques including EIS, EQCM, FT-IR, and XPS. 404 According to the voltammetry results of their work, there was no discernible characteristic reductive process in voltammetry that could be unambiguously assigned to the reduction of VC on the graphitic anode, in sharp contrast to the cases of other additives that showed distinctive reduction processes at high potentials.…”

Fatigue Models for Airfield Concrete Pavement: Literature Review and Discussion

“…In 1979, COE systematically reanalyzed the full-scale test data from 1943 to 1973, adopting the layered elastic analysis approach used in pavements. The modified fatigue model is shown as follows [ 6 , 19 ]: where: is the design factor based on layered elastic analysis; is the modulus of rupture; is the maximum principal tensile stress at the bottom of the concrete slab based on layered elastic analysis; is the coverage to failure. …”

“…The fatigue mechanism of concrete pavement is complicated, because the pavement performances are affected by the pavement structure, the surrounding environment, the wheel loading, etc. [ 6 , 7 ]. The fatigue mechanism reflected by the mechanistic model of the concrete structure is different from that of the pavement structure in service.…”