Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy

Lund, John W.

doi:10.3390/en3081443

Cited by 135 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Based on data from the WGC2010 [10,11], the following comparisons with the U.S. geothermal data are made: As can be calculated compared to the worldwide figures, the United States has 28.8% of the installed capacity, and 24.7% of the annual energy produced for electricity generation; and 26.0% of the installed capacity, and 13.3% of the annual energy use. The low annual energy direct-use percentage for the U.S. is due mainly to the large number of geothermal heat pumps, which have a low capacity factor.…”

Section: Comparison To Other Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geothermal Energy Utilization in the United States of America

Lund¹

2011

Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings

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Geothermal energy is used for electric power generation and direct utilization in the United States. The present installed capacity (gross) for electric power generation is 3,087 MWe with about 2,024 MWe net delivering power to the gird producing approximately 16,600 GWh per year for a 94% net capacity factor. Geothermal electric power plants are located in Alaska, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Wyoming. The direct utilization of geothermal energy including the heating of pools and spas, greenhouses and aquaculture facilities, space heating and district heating, snow melting, agricultural drying, industrial applications and ground-source heat pumps. The installed capacity is approximately 12,610 MWt and the annual energy use is about 56,550 TJ or 15,700 GWh. The largest application is ground-source (geothermal) heat pumps (84% of the energy use). The largest direct-use (excluding geothermal heat pumps) is fish farming (34%), spa and swimming pool heating (28%), and space and district heating (23%). The energy savings from all geothermal use is about 48.5 million barrels (7.3 million tonnes) of equivalent fuel oil per year and reduces air pollution by about 6.65 million tonnes of carbon annually (compared to fuel oil).

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Section: Comparison To Other Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geothermal Energy Utilization in the United States of America

Lund¹

2011

Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings

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“…where the SA of the ponds depended on fish production (SI, Section S3) and where the cost was adapted from a previous study that assumed a 30-year life time and an interest rate of 8% (Boyd and Lund, 2003;Lund, 2010). Production would have to be seasonal in Illinois unless the ponds were indoors.…”

Section: Fish Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The NPV of combined heat and power (CHP) generation using a binary cycle and heat exchangers was calculated and compared to the NPV of heat generation for brines with average temperature above 90 Celsius ( • C) (Table 2) (Lund, 2010). Heat and power savings reflect assumed annual load hours and auxiliary electricity requirements for pumping and re-cooling (Table 2) (Frick et al, 2010).…”

Section: Energy Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regional evaluation of brine management for geologic carbon sequestration

Breunig

Birkhölzer

Borgia

et al. 2013

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

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Large scale deployment of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) capture and sequestration (CCS) has the potential to significantly reduce global CO 2 emissions, but this technology faces social, economic, and environmental challenges that must be managed early on. Carbon capture technology is water-, energy-, and capitalintensive and proposed geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) storage options, if conducted in pressure-constrained formations, may generate large volumes of extracted brine that require costly disposal. In this study, we evaluate brine management in three locations of the United States (US) and assess whether recovered heat, water, and minerals can turn the brine into a resource. Climate and aquifer parameters varied between the three regions and strongly affected technical feasibility. We discovered that the levelized net present value (NPV) of extracted brine can range from −$50 (a cost) to +$10 (a revenue) per ton of CO 2 injected (mt-CO 2 ) for a CO 2 point source equivalent to emissions from a 1000 MW coal-fired power plant (CFPP), compared to CCS NPV ranging from −$40 to −$70 per mt-CO 2 . Upper bound scenarios reflect assumed advancements in current treatment technologies and a favorable market and regulation landscape for brine products and disposal. A regionally appropriate management strategy may be able to treat the extracted brine as a source of revenue, energy, and water.

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“…This energy is considered to be renewable as long as it is used reasonably and rationally (e.g., [6] and references therein). For instance, among shallow and deep geothermal resources, geothermal heat pumps accounted for 47.2% of thermal energy use and 68.3% of the total installed capacity in the World in 2010 [7]. Geothermal energy resources therefore constitute an essential field of research and development in the diversification of energy resources to hinder global warming (e.g., [8]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geophysical Methods for Monitoring Temperature Changes in Shallow Low Enthalpy Geothermal Systems

Hermans

Nguyen

Robert³

et al. 2014

Energies

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Low enthalpy geothermal systems exploited with ground source heat pumps or groundwater heat pumps present many advantages within the context of sustainable energy use. Designing, monitoring and controlling such systems requires the measurement of spatially distributed temperature fields and the knowledge of the parameters governing groundwater flow (permeability and specific storage) and heat transport (thermal conductivity and volumetric thermal capacity). Such data are often scarce or not available. In recent years, the ability of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), self-potential method (SP) and distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to monitor spatially and temporally temperature changes in the subsurface has been investigated. We review the recent advances in using these three methods for this type of shallow applications. A special focus is made regarding the petrophysical relationships and on underlying assumptions generally needed for a quantitative interpretation of these geophysical data. We show that those geophysical methods are mature to be used within the context of temperature monitoring and that a combination of them may be the best choice regarding control and validation issues. OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2014, 7 5084

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Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy

Cited by 135 publications

References 10 publications

Geothermal Energy Utilization in the United States of America

Geothermal Energy Utilization in the United States of America

Regional evaluation of brine management for geologic carbon sequestration

Geophysical Methods for Monitoring Temperature Changes in Shallow Low Enthalpy Geothermal Systems

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