“…These materials can be used as tools to mimic the complex characteristics of natural extracellular forces. Such materials include shape memory polymers [ 38 , 39 , 40 ], liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) [ 41 , 42 ], hydrogels [ 43 , 44 , 45 ], dielectric elastomers [ 46 , 47 ], and electroactive polymers [ 48 , 49 , 50 ]. However, using ultraviolet light to activate the mechanical motion of LCEs and some hydrogels can harm cells, limiting the applicability of these techniques.…”