Direct Regeneration of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathode from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by the Molten Salts Method

Jiang, Guanghui; Zhang, Yannan; Meng, Qi; Zhang, Yingjie; Dong, Peng; Zhang, Mingyu; Yang, Xi

doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c06514

Cited by 96 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are suitable for portable IT devices, energy storage systems, and electric vehicles (EVs) due to their excellent electrochemical performance, related to their long cycling life and high energy density [1]. In particular, the explosive growth of the EV market has led to an increase in the production of LIBs [2]. The development of the EV industry has inevitably led to the generation of large amounts of spent LIBs [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Residual Trace Amounts of Fe and Al in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 Cathode Active Material for the Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

et al. 2021

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As the explosive growth of the electric vehicle market leads to an increase in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the disposal of LIBs has also made headlines. In this study, we synthesized the cathode active materials Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 (NMC) and Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3Fe0.0005Al0.0005]O2 (NMCFA) via hydroxide co-precipitation and calcination processes, which simulate the resynthesis of NMC in leachate containing trace amounts of iron and aluminum from spent LIBs. The effects of iron and aluminum on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties were investigated and compared with NMC. Trace amounts of iron and aluminum do not affect the morphology, the formation of O3-type layered structures, or the redox peak. On the other hand, the rate capability of NMCFA shows high discharge capacities at 7 C (110 mAh g−1) and 10 C (74 mAh g−1), comparable to the values for NMC at 5 C (111 mAh g−1) and 7 C (79 mAh g−1), respectively, due to the widened interslab thickness of NMCFA which facilitates the movement of lithium ions in a 2D channel. Therefore, iron and aluminum, which are usually considered as impurities in the recycling of LIBs, could be used as doping elements for enhancing the electrochemical performance of resynthesized cathode active materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Residual Trace Amounts of Fe and Al in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 Cathode Active Material for the Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

et al. 2021

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“…Schematic of the electrolytic cell used for the recovery process of Co from LiCoO 2 particles using a fluidised cathode [22] ; (b) oxide particles suspended in the electrolyte melt collide with the current collector and undergo reduction to the metal [23] ; (c) the particle/electrode/molten salt interaction sets up a three-phase interline (3PI) with minimal O 2 − ion build-up adapted from Deng et al [45] . as a range of other studies which explore electrochemical methods and process optimisation and kinetics for leaching of metals and cobalt [39][40][41][42].…”

Section: Fig 2 (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of cobalt from lithium-ion batteries using fluidised cathode molten salt electrolysis

Mirza

Abdulaziz

Maskell

et al. 2021

Electrochimica Acta

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The future need to recycle enormous quantities of Li-ion batteries is a consequence of the rapid rise in electric vehicles required to decarbonise the transport sector. Cobalt is a critical element in many Li-ion battery cathode chemistries. Herein, an electrochemical reduction and recovery process of Co from LiCoO 2 is demonstrated that uses a molten salt fluidised cathode technique. For the Li-Co-O-Cl system, specific to the experimental process, a predominance diagram was developed to aid in understanding the reduction pathway. The voltammograms indicate two 2-electron transfer reactions and the reduction of CoO to Co at −2.4 V vs. Ag/Ag + . Chronoamperometry revealed a Faradaic current efficiency estimated between 70-80% for the commercially-obtained LiCoO 2 and upwards of 80% for the spent Li-ion battery. The molten salt electrochemical process route for the recycling of spent Li-ion batteries could prove to be a simple, green and high-throughput route for the efficient recovery of critical materials.

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“…Park et al proposed a quinone-based redox mediator, 3,5-di- tert -butyl- o -benzoquinone (DTBQ), that has lower redox potentials than transition metal redox couples, to refill lithium into aged NCM cathode materials. Besides, molten salt , and ionothermal solution treatments with various Li sources were also proposed to directly regenerate spent cathodes under ambient pressure. In fact, from the viewpoint of green chemistry, these regeneration strategies are not sustainable due to their long operation time, unsatisfactory atom economy, and inevitable post-annealing treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Regeneration of Spent Li-Ion Battery Cathodes via Chemical Relithiation Reaction

Lang

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Sustainable recycling of spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has provoked widespread public concern, considering the limited resources and environmental sustainability. Currently, industrial-scale reclamation of spent LIBs based on pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy only recovers valuable metal elements, accompanied by intense energy consumption. Herein, a closed-loop LIB cathode regeneration chain with high atomic utilization and minimal energy consumption is demonstrated. We designed a thermodynamically spontaneous Li+–electron concerted radical redox process, in which polycyclic aryl–lithium compounds served as both the reducing agent and Li+ donor to heal the Li loss in degraded cathodes. This chemical relithiation process takes only 10 min, but can easily extend the lifetime of the valuable cathodes. Most notably, the Li-donating aromatics and residual solvent can be recirculated for multiple utilizations, thus enabling a closed-loop recycling process with minimal emission of chemical waste. Our efficient and green chemical lithiation strategy provides a new perspective for LIB regeneration and can be extended to more advanced battery systems in the future.

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Direct Regeneration of LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ Cathode from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by the Molten Salts Method

Cited by 96 publications

References 42 publications

Effect of Residual Trace Amounts of Fe and Al in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 Cathode Active Material for the Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Effect of Residual Trace Amounts of Fe and Al in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 Cathode Active Material for the Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Recovery of cobalt from lithium-ion batteries using fluidised cathode molten salt electrolysis

Direct Regeneration of Spent Li-Ion Battery Cathodes via Chemical Relithiation Reaction

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