Recovery of cobalt from lithium-ion batteries using fluidised cathode molten salt electrolysis

Mirza, Mateen; Abdulaziz, Rema; Maskell, W.C.; Tan, C. S.; Shearing, Paul R.; Brett, Dan J. L.

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138846

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…126 Whereas previous studies had demonstrated that the reduction of MOX fuels (where a mixture of plutonium and uranium oxides are pressed into a nuclear fuel pellet) was viable, none had solely considered the use of PuO 2 as a feed material. One of the reasons for not considering pure PuO 2 for this was that the processing of feed material into nuclear fuel pellets could lead to increased radiation doses for operators as a result of ingrowth of the gamma emitting daughter radionuclide 241 Am. These studies had considered different ratios of uranium and plutonium; Iizuka et al showed that using LiCl-0.5 wt% Li 2 O ensured that the materials (47 wt% U, 35 wt% Pu, 4 wt% Np)O 2 would eventually form an alloy.…”

Section: Plutoniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical processing in molten salts – a nuclear perspective

Mirza

Abdulaziz

Maskell

et al. 2023

Energy Environ. Sci.

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Section: Plutoniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical processing in molten salts – a nuclear perspective

Mirza

Abdulaziz

Maskell

et al. 2023

Energy Environ. Sci.

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“…At the same time, cobalt remains in the melt regardless of the reaction conditions. There are several reports in the literature showing the effective extraction of cobalt from NaCl−CaCl 2 melts 28 and LiCl−KCl melts 29 by electrochemical extraction. This approach can be applied for the recovery of cobalt from the LiCl−KCl melts after samarium separation.…”

Section: ■ Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promising Method of Sm–Co Magnet Reprocessing in Alkali Chloride Melts

Maltsev

Halstenberg

Mahurin

et al. 2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Developing new, efficient methods for samarium and cobalt recovery from scraps/rejects and swarf at Sm−Co magnet manufacturing sites during shaping and finishing is an important task in terms of meeting their growing demand. In this work, the reaction of oxygen with a solution of samarium and cobalt chlorides in a LiCl−KCl eutectic melt was studied at 400− 600 °C to explore possible methods for the separation and recovery of samarium and cobalt from these waste products. The pyrochemical reaction resulted in the formation and precipitation of samarium oxychloride, while the cobalt remained in the melt in a soluble chloride form. The effect of temperature and the amount of oxygen passed through the melt (oxygen-to-samarium molar ratio) on the course of the reaction were studied. Kinetic parameters of the oxygen with samarium chloride reaction were determined.

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“…[37][38][39][40] Therefore, both of above-mentioned pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical technologies are sophisticated, contaminative, inefficient, and high-cost. [41][42][43][44] These two traditional recycling routes should be considerably improved or totally substituted by more advanced strategies to well-meet the booming retired LIBs wave.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Intelligent Regeneration of Cathode Materials for Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Jin

Zhang

2022

Advanced Energy Materials

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policies in clean energy industry. [10][11][12] As shown in Figure 1a, it is conservatively estimated that the shipment volume of LIBs in 2025 (439.32 GWh) is nearly doubled compared with that in 2021 (237.44 GWh) and the corresponding global market closes to $106.81 billion, mainly resulting from the great popularization of electric vehicles. In addition, based on market analysis and forecast, the percent of LIBs with lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) cathode materials is continuously increasing at a high speed (Figure 1b), which will firmly dominate the market for a long time because of their notably technical advantages. [13,14] There is no doubt that the mature LIBs industry really brings a great number of benefits to our life, such as the convenience and cleanliness. [15][16][17] However, as every coin has two sides, some key issues behind the popularized LIBs applications cannot be neglected. Lithium (Li) metal and other transitional metals (TMs) like cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) have been consumed in large quantities to manufacture the cathode materials for fulfilling the tremendous production of LIBs. [18][19][20][21] These metallic resources are rare on the earth with high cost and limited geographic distribution. Moreover, the Co and Ni metals are toxic, which are not environmental-friendly and jeopardize to human health. [11,[22][23][24] Therefore, in the back of prosperity of LIBs, we are also facing the emerging resources crisis and seriously secondary environmental pollution problems as long as the massive retired LIBs are present and not appropriately treated in following several years. [25][26][27] To make "Waste-be-Wealth," the effective strategy should be employed to tackle the waste LIBs problems in a green and sustainable way. [28,29] Nowadays, the conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical technologies are only two existing industrial approaches in recycling the cathode materials of retired LIBs, which, yet, just focus on the recovery target of rare metallic resources (e.g., Co, Ni, and Li) from faded cathode materials. [30,31] As illustrated in Figure 2, in terms of the pyrometallurgical method, it usually involves the high temperature process to smelt the end-of-life cathode materials, in which the valuable metal elements are sintered into alloy forms after several purification and separation processes. Thus, this process usually needs high energy consumption and will unavoidably Explosively increased market penetration of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and stationary energy storage devices has recently aroused new concerns on nonrenewable metal resources and environmental pollution because of the forthcoming wave of retired popularized LIBs. Recycling the retired LIBs in an environmentally sustainable and cost-effective way thus becomes much urgent and imperative. As a preferable route, the direct regeneration strategy has been innovatively proposed to repair degraded cathode mat...

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Recovery of cobalt from lithium-ion batteries using fluidised cathode molten salt electrolysis

Cited by 15 publications

References 49 publications

Electrochemical processing in molten salts – a nuclear perspective

Electrochemical processing in molten salts – a nuclear perspective

Promising Method of Sm–Co Magnet Reprocessing in Alkali Chloride Melts

Advances in Intelligent Regeneration of Cathode Materials for Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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