Direct patterning of vortex generators on a fiber tip using a focused ion beam

Vayalamkuzhi, Pramitha; Bhattacharya, Subhashish; Eigenthaler, Ulrike; Keskinbora, Kahraman; Samlan, C. T.; Hirscher, Michael; Spatz, Joachim P.; Viswanathan, Nirmal K.

doi:10.1364/ol.41.002133

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Mirrors bent in the shape of a ramp [213,269,270] and digital micromirror device [192] can also be used for phase singularity generation. ere are also reports [271][272][273][274][275][276][277][278][279] on the generation of vortices in optical fibers. Vortex generation in high power laser is possible with the use of fused silica fibers [280].…”

Section: Literature Survey Of Phase and Polarization Singularitiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Phase Singularities to Polarization Singularities

Ruchi

Senthilkumaran

Pal

2020

International Journal of Optics

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Polarization singularities are superpositions of orbital angular momentum (OAM) states in orthogonal circular polarization basis. The intrinsic OAM of light beams arises due to the helical wavefronts of phase singularities. In phase singularities, circulating phase gradients and, in polarization singularities, circulating ϕ12 Stokes phase gradients are present. At the phase and polarization singularities, undefined quantities are the phase and ϕ12 Stokes phase, respectively. Conversion of circulating phase gradient into circulating Stokes phase gradient reveals the connection between phase (scalar) and polarization (vector) singularities. We demonstrate this by theoretically and experimentally generating polarization singularities using phase singularities. Furthermore, the relation between scalar fields and Stokes fields and the singularities in each of them is discussed. This paper is written as a tutorial-cum-review-type article keeping in mind the beginners and researchers in other areas, yet many of the concepts are given novel explanations by adopting different approaches from the available literature on this subject.

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Section: Literature Survey Of Phase and Polarization Singularitiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Phase Singularities to Polarization Singularities

Ruchi

Senthilkumaran

Pal

2020

International Journal of Optics

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“…[47][48][49][50][51][52] Advances in focused ion beam milling technology enabled the fabrication of a refractive SPP directly on the tip of an optical fiber. 53 An electron beam microscope image of the fabricated element on a single-mode fiber (SMF) is shown in Fig. 7.…”

Section: Generation Using Refractive Spiral Phase Platementioning

confidence: 99%

“…15. 53 Trochoson. The name Trochoson is adapted from the Greek word "Trochos" meaning "ring" and is given to a spiral axicon, as first studied by Khonina et al 78 The spiral axicon is a hologram obtained by interference between a spiral wave and a conical wave, as shown in the Fig.…”

Section: Generation Using Holographic Optical Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Generation and decomposition of scalar and vector modes carrying orbital angular momentum: a review

et al. 2019

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Orbital angular momentum (OAM), one of the most recently discovered degrees of freedom of light beam field has fundamentally revolutionized optical physics and its technological capabilities. Optical beams with OAM have enabled a large variety of applications, including super-resolution imaging, optical trapping, classical and quantum optical communication, and quantum computing, to mention a few. To enable these and several other emerging applications, optical beams with OAM have been generated using a variety of methods and technologies, such as a simple astigmatic lens pair, one-/two-dimensional holographic optical elements, threedimensional spiral phase plates, optical fibers, and recent entrants such as metasurfaces. All these techniques achieve spatial light modulation and can be implemented with either passive elements or active devices, such as liquid crystal on silicon and digital micromirror devices. Many of these devices and technologies are not only used for the generation of amplitude phase-polarization structured light beams but are also capable of analyzing them. We have attempted to encompass a wide variety of such technologies as well as a few emerging methodologies, broadly categorized into generation and detection protocols. We address the needs of scientists and engineers who desire to generate/detect OAM modes and are looking for the technique (active or passive) best suited for their application. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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“…The recent generation of FIB instruments allows importing a bitmap file as a pattern to machine microstructures. The bitmap method has become increasingly popular and is currently the most commonly used processing method in FIB milling due to the convenience of usage [12,13,[20][21][22]. In the bitmap files, the milling area, beam scan routes, beam overlap ratio, and dwell time can be defined after the ion beam voltages and currents are determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation mechanism and compensation methods of profile error in focused ion beam milling of three-dimensional optical microstructures

et al. 2020

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The formation mechanism and compensation methods of the profile error in focused ion beam (FIB) bitmap milling of three-dimensional (3D) optical microstructure are studied in this paper. The processing parameters such as ion beam currents, dwell times, and beam overlap ratios on the profile error have an optimized parameters combination of 21 nA, 10 μs, and 50%, and the shape accuracy processed under the conditions is 0.44 μm of P-V and 0.142 μm of RMS, respectively. Inappropriate processing parameters lower either shape accuracy or processing efficiency. By means of an accurate simulation model of the FIB machined 3D profiles, the intrinsic formation mechanism of the profile error can be attributed to ion beam diameters, redeposition effect, and sputter yields, and these factors are inevitable in FIB milling of 3D microstructures. In situ modification and iterative optimization are proposed to compensate the FIB milling error, which both can improve the shape accuracy more than 50%. The in situ modification method needs to load the original bitmap and modified bitmap separately, which is less convenient than the iterative optimization method that only need loading one bitmap file. However, the in situ modification is better than the iterative optimization at decreasing the RMS value of the profile error which indicates the global profiles error of the processed microstructures.

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Direct patterning of vortex generators on a fiber tip using a focused ion beam

Cited by 31 publications

References 27 publications

Phase Singularities to Polarization Singularities

Phase Singularities to Polarization Singularities

Generation and decomposition of scalar and vector modes carrying orbital angular momentum: a review

Formation mechanism and compensation methods of profile error in focused ion beam milling of three-dimensional optical microstructures

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