Direct femtosecond laser waveguide writing inside zinc phosphate glass

Fletcher, L. B.; Witcher, Jon J.; Troy, Neil; Reis, Signo Tadeu Dos; Brow, Richard K.; Krol, Denise M.

doi:10.1364/oe.19.007929

Cited by 62 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…The migration of elements can be controlled by tailoring the temperature distribution by simultaneous irradiation with multiple focal spots [50] or astigmatic beam shaping [51]. Improved understanding of the underlying struc- tural modifications is key to engineering materials with tailored properties for ultrafast laser inscription [48,52]. The diversity of material behaviour subject to femtosecond laser irradiation is large.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast-laser-inscribed 3D integrated photonics: challenges and emerging applications

2015

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Since the discovery that tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses can induce a highly localised and permanent refractive index modification in a large number of transparent dielectrics, the technique of ultrafast laser inscription has received great attention from a wide range of applications. In particular, the capability to create three-dimensional optical waveguide circuits has opened up new opportunities for integrated photonics that would not have been possible with traditional planar fabrication techniques because it enables full access to the many degrees of freedom in a photon. This paper reviews the basic techniques and technological challenges of 3D integrated photonics fabricated using ultrafast laser inscription as well as reviews the most recent progress in the fields of astrophotonics, optical communication, quantum photonics, emulation of quantum systems, optofluidics and sensing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast-laser-inscribed 3D integrated photonics: challenges and emerging applications

2015

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“…A crucial requirement for the fs laser direct-write technique is a deeper understanding of the structural modifications induced by the fs laser pulses within the bulk dielectrics. This not only enables the optimization of the fabrication parameters and thereby the device performance [7], but also allows for materials to be tailored to offer specific properties for the direct-write process [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, these modifications have been investigated for materials including silicate glasses [7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15], phosphate glasses [8,11,16,17] and chalcogenides [18,19]. The type of structural modification that occurs strongly depends on the material and the exposure conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond laser induced structural changes in fluorozirconate glass

Gross¹,

Lancaster²,

Ebendorff-Heidepriem³

et al. 2013

Opt. Mater. Express

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“…While commercially purchased QX phosphate glass has been engineered to function as a short-gain, solid-state laser medium that operates in the C band, it is not necessarily the optimal material for fs-laser waveguide writing. We have recently reported [21] that fs-laser modification in an undoped zinc polyphosphate glass with an O∕P ratio of 3.25 (molar composition 60ZnO-40P 2 O 5 ) always results in a change to the refractive index that is positive and ideal for the fabrication of optical waveguides over a wide range of fs-laser writing conditions. Using this result, it is possible to design an Er-Yb doped zinc polyphosphate glass with the same O∕P ratio in order to fabricate subsurface single-pass waveguide amplifiers.…”

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confidence: 99%

Single-pass waveguide amplifiers in Er-Yb doped zinc polyphosphate glass fabricated with femtosecond laser pulses

et al. 2012

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We have investigated the direct fabrication of subsurface waveguide amplifiers in Er-Yb zinc polyphosphate glass by utilizing the relationship between the initial glass composition and the resulting changes to the network structure after modification by fs laser pulses. Waveguides, exhibiting internal gain of 1 dB∕cm at 1.53 μm when pumped with 500 mW at 976 nm, were directly fabricated using a regenerative amplified Ti:sapphire 1 kHz, 180 fs laser system. Optical properties as well as insertion losses and internal gain are reported. [14]. Of all these active glasses, phosphate glass systems offer the best RE solubility without RE clustering and are ideal for the fabrication of compact waveguide amplifiers that operate in the telecommunications window [15,16]. In many of these glasses, particularly phosphate glasses, the type of refractive index change that can be induced using the direct-write technique is determined by a combination of the laser processing conditions and the initial glass composition [8,10,[17][18][19][20][21]. While commercially purchased QX phosphate glass has been engineered to function as a short-gain, solid-state laser medium that operates in the C band, it is not necessarily the optimal material for fs-laser waveguide writing. We have recently reported [21] that fs-laser modification in an undoped zinc polyphosphate glass with an O∕P ratio of 3.25 (molar composition 60ZnO-40P 2 O 5 ) always results in a change to the refractive index that is positive and ideal for the fabrication of optical waveguides over a wide range of fs-laser writing conditions. Using this result, it is possible to design an Er-Yb doped zinc polyphosphate glass with the same O∕P ratio in order to fabricate subsurface single-pass waveguide amplifiers. Optimization of the material composition results in an enhanced degree of flexibility with regards to waveguide processing conditions inside Er-Yb doped phosphate glass systems. In this letter we demonstrate the fabrication of a single-pass 1534 nm signal waveguide amplifier with fslaser inscription inside an Er-Yb doped phosphate glass 0.65Er 2 O 3 -1.30Yb 2 O 3 -56.05ZnO-42.00P 2 O 5 mol% using a 1 kHz repetition rate system. The Er-Yb doped zinc polyphosphate glass used in this study may be a more suitable material for directly fabricating waveguides under single-scan writing conditions over an expanded modification range. Such a unique property makes this glass an attractive substrate to use for fs-laser micromachining of active three-dimensional (3-D) photonic devices.An Er-Yb codoped zinc polyphosphate glass with molar composition of 0.65Er 2 O 3 -1.30Yb 2 O 3 -56.05ZnO-42.00P 2 O 5 (from here on referred to as Er-Yb ZnP) was prepared using reagent-grade ZnO, Er 2 O 3 , Yb 2 O 3 , and NH 4 H 2 PO 4 . A detailed melting procedure is described elsewhere [22]. Annealed samples, approximately 15 mm × 5 mm × 5 mm in size, were polished using SiC paper and diamond pastes to a finish of 0.25 microns.Optical waveguides 1.5 cm in length were fabricated using linearly pola...

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Direct femtosecond laser waveguide writing inside zinc phosphate glass

Cited by 62 publications

References 27 publications

Ultrafast-laser-inscribed 3D integrated photonics: challenges and emerging applications

Ultrafast-laser-inscribed 3D integrated photonics: challenges and emerging applications

Femtosecond laser induced structural changes in fluorozirconate glass

Single-pass waveguide amplifiers in Er-Yb doped zinc polyphosphate glass fabricated with femtosecond laser pulses

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