“…Some studies have only demonstrated that fish or invertebrates tagged and released inside MPAs may be caught outside them Dodrill, 1980, 1989;Gitschlag, 1986;Yamasaki and Kuwahara, 1990;Hunt et al, 1991;MacDiarmid and Breen, 1993;Attwood and Bennett, 1994;Bohnsack, 1998;Goñi et al, 2006). Some authors reported emigration from reserves to adjacent fished areas (Attwood and Bennett, 1994;Zeller et al, 1998;Johnson et al, 1999;Cole et al, 2000;Martell et al, 2000), while others described bidirectional movements with contrasting results (Davis and Dodrill, 1989;Rowe, 2001;Zeller et al, 2003;Kelly and MacDiarmid, 2003;Tremain et al, 2004) depending on the species and their lifestage, and on the size of the MPAs (Goñi et al, 2006). Recently, Goñi et al (2006) used a combination of tag recapture methods, fishing surveys and commercial fishery data to demonstrate the existence of a negative gradient of lobster density up to 4.5 km from the Columbretes Islands Marine Reserve.…”