Comparison of methodologies to quantify the effects of age and area of marine reserves on the density and size of targeted species

Guisado, Daniela Diaz; Cole, Russell; Davidson, Robert J.; Freeman, Debbie; Kelly, Shane; MacDiarmid, Alison; Pande, Anjali; Stewart, Rob; Struthers, Carl D.; Bell, James J.; Gardner, Jonathan P. A.

doi:10.3354/ab00391

Cited by 12 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…For the TS data recorded during the dry season, the trend was an increase over the years, with a low statistical significance (p<0.2) due to the low number of samples. The increase of the mean fish size in the protected area was in accordance with observations done in similar ecosystems [45,46]. During the wet season, the recruitment leaded to lower values of TS, due to the presence of small fish; TS were statistically different from those in the dry season, but no trend was apparent throughout the years.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Acoustic Survey of an Estuarine Marine Protected Area and of its Close Vicinity: Analysis and Monitoring Prospective

Guillard¹

2018

AAF

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Facing the loss of fish biodiversity and the decrease of fish stocks since several decades, a proposed solution is the multiplication of Marine Protected Areas (MPA). In Senegal, one MPA has been implemented in 2003 in one of the channels composing the Sine Saloum estuary. A monitoring program was carried out based on hydro-acoustic survey and the two main metrics extracted from hydro-acoustic data: Fish biomass proxy and fish size distribution proxy. The surveys were performed using vertical beaming at different seasons from 2003 to 2010. In the MPA, a light increase of the fish biomass proxy and an increase of the fish size proxy during the dry season were observed. The biomass proxy recorded in a close but not protected tributary were higher than in the MPA, probably due to a strong connection with open marine water, aggregative behavior of preys in the MPA due to higher predation, and a stronger avoidance phenomenon in the MPA. The high variability of the MPA environment submitted to both estuarine and marine influences and the size of the MPA may explain the lack of clear results. However, the learned lessons enable us to make recommendations to monitor fish population in MPAs using hydroacoustic methods. Evaluation procedures using these methods are proposed highlighting the importance of a rigorous survey protocol to insure the exploitation of the entire acquired time series.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Acoustic Survey of an Estuarine Marine Protected Area and of its Close Vicinity: Analysis and Monitoring Prospective

Guillard¹

2018

AAF

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“…There is a growing body of research investigating biodiversity patterns within and between marine reserves [ 63 ], but most of these focus on comparatively small reserves (e.g. <2500 hectare reserves in [ 64 ] compared to 7,174,400 hectares of the Oceanic Shoals CMR). There are few studies of biodiversity patterns at large reserve scales, and these suggest differences both within and between reserves, variations of which seem dependent on environmental gradients and heterogeneity encompassed within a given area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of Sponge Biodiversity Patterns for the Management of a Marine Reserve in Northern Australia

Przeslawski

Alvarez²,

Kool

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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Marine reserves are becoming progressively more important as anthropogenic impacts continue to increase, but we have little baseline information for most marine environments. In this study, we focus on the Oceanic Shoals Commonwealth Marine Reserve (CMR) in northern Australia, particularly the carbonate banks and terraces of the Sahul Shelf and Van Diemen Rise which have been designated a Key Ecological Feature (KEF). We use a species-level inventory compiled from three marine surveys to the CMR to address several questions relevant to marine management: 1) Are carbonate banks and other raised geomorphic features associated with biodiversity hotspots? 2) Can environmental (depth, substrate hardness, slope) or biogeographic (east vs west) variables help explain local and regional differences in community structure? 3) Do sponge communities differ among individual raised geomorphic features? Approximately 750 sponge specimens were collected in the Oceanic Shoals CMR and assigned to 348 species, of which only 18% included taxonomically described species. Between eastern and western areas of the CMR, there was no difference between sponge species richness or assemblages on raised geomorphic features. Among individual raised geomorphic features, sponge assemblages were significantly different, but species richness was not. Species richness showed no linear relationships with measured environmental factors, but sponge assemblages were weakly associated with several environmental variables including mean depth and mean backscatter (east and west) and mean slope (east only). These patterns of sponge diversity are applied to support the future management and monitoring of this region, particularly noting the importance of spatial scale in biodiversity assessments and associated management strategies.

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“…Another approach that has been used to quantify MR effects is meta-analysis. Several meta-analyses have been performed to describe the effects of MRs (e.g., , Côté et al 2001, Díaz-Guisado 2012. Different effect-size metrics have been frequently employed in meta-analysis, including the response ratio (RR).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The RR is a unit-less metric that quantifies the proportional change resulting from MR implementation by measuring the relative differences in a biological response (e.g., density) inside versus outside the MR (Adams et al 1997. The response ratio metric is biologically more relevant than other metrics e.g., hedges' g, that is most commonly used and which does not yield a clear biological interpretation , Osenberg et al 1999b, Díaz -Guisado et al 2012. Meta-analysis of MRs has been criticised due to the majority of studies they examine are CI designs (Edgar 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recovery of previously targeted species is one of the most commonly reported effects of MRs. Several studies have suggested that many species, especially those that are actively targeted by fisheries, increase in density and/or size inside MRs (e.g., , Côté et al 2001, Pande et al 2008. Also, several studies have suggested that the response to protection occurs rapidly after only a few years following reserve establishment , Ballantine & Langlois 2008, Díaz-Guisado et al 2012. Even though many reports evaluating the impacts of MRs have been published worldwide but it is difficult to identify general trends in MR performance for different species at different geographic locations and for different time periods.…”

Section: Alternative Fishery Management Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Marine Reserve Protection on Adjacent Non-protected Populations in New Zealand

Díaz-Guisado¹

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<p>Marine reserves (MRs) have been established in many parts of the globe for a variety of reasons and there is an increasing body of evidence that indicates they provide a wide range of benefits that can extend beyond their boundaries. In the present study, the biological effects of protection provided by MRs in New Zealand were evaluated, particularly focusing on the potential impacts of reserves on non-protected areas in terms of export of biomass. First, the biological response of two exploited species to MR protection in New Zealand was quantified by comparing meta-analysis results based on response ratio (RR) analysis and Hedges’ g statistics. Then, effect of MR size and age on those biological responses was determined. Most MRs supported a greater density of larger individuals than unprotected areas. Results indicated that the benefits provided by MRs scale with reserve size. Also, MR age explained a significant amount of the variation in the density and length of both species. Comparison of the performance of RRs with Hedges’ g revealed that RR analysis is an appropriate alternative to Hedges’ g statistic for meta-analyses of MR effectiveness because of its ease of use and interpretation. Then, a 14-year time series of fish density data was analyzed to determine early changes in a multi-species fish assemblage inside the Taputeranga Marine Reserve (TMR) compared to adjacent fishing grounds using a Before and After Control-Impact Paired Series (BACIPS) design. This analysis was performed in order to detect changes in fish density due to protection. Commercial, recreational and traditional fisheries are important in this region and the biomasses of several exploited species have been substantially depleted as a result of fishing. The exclusion of fishing from the area should enable at least some species to recover inside the reserve, as has happened in other reserves in New Zealand. The faster growing, more productive species, and those that have been heavily exploited are expected to recover within a few years. Early changes in density were evident in the area protected by the TMR for most of the species surveyed in terms of the effect size analysis. However, most of the changes were too small to be detected with the statistical analyses that were performed. To determine the most appropriate methodology to be used in a later survey in the study area, two Baited Underwater Video (BUV) methodologies (Horizontal versus Vertical set-up) were compared in terms of their ability to record the density and size of reef fish. Results indicated that both the horizontal and vertical BUV techniques are able to detect both conspicuous and cryptic species and both techniques were effective in the detection of carnivorous species, especially large predatory species such as blue cod, but also effective in the detection of fish species that have been overestimated in terms of abundance by other methodologies. The horizontal BUV technique seems to be a better technique for evaluating reef fish size, especially when measuring large fish that exhibit highly aggressive behaviour. The horizontal BUV technique was later used in conjunction with the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) technique to assess the effects of the protection provided by the TMR. A multispecies analysis was carried out to detect any differences in density and length of fish between reserve and fished areas and to detect gradients of fish density across reserve boundaries that could be related to the occurrence of spillover from the reserve to adjacent fished areas. Density gradients provide indirect evidence of spillover, defined as the movement of adult individuals from reserve to adjacent non-protected areas. Little evidence consistent with a positive effect of reserve protection in the TMR was found. Also, little evidence of spillover was found, with theexception of two target species (blue cod and blue moki). In contrast with the findings of previous studies, density gradients were found for both sedentary and vagile species. These results are consistent with the occurrence of density independent spillover that is expected to occur as soon as the density inside reserve areas is higher compared to fished areas. To further understand the patterns of fish movement relative to the effect of protection provided by MRs, spatial differences in density, length and survival of blue cod inside the TMR and adjacent fishing grounds and the movement patterns of the species across the boundaries of the reserve through a capture-mark-recapture (CMR) analysis were examined. CMR studies can provide direct evidence of spillover. Evidence of a positive effect of reserve protection in the TMR for blue cod in terms of increased density, length and survival in reserve areas was found. Also, evidence of high site fidelity of blue cod in both reserve and fished areas, with the majority of individual moving only short distances was found. However, the potential for this species to also travel long distances (>100 km) was confirmed, suggesting the possibility for spillover of the species from reserved to fished areas. Overall, the results of my thesis indicate that New Zealand MRs, consistent with a large body of earlier evidence, are having positive effects on the abundance and size of the species that afford protection to. These results also highlight that both MR age and area are important factors determining the response to protection both in terms of the effects within reserves and on adjacent non-protected areas. Finally, my results highlight the fact that the greater benefits in terms of increased abundance and size, and also movement across reserve boundaries, are obtained for highly exploited species that can potentially move between areas.</p>

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Comparison of methodologies to quantify the effects of age and area of marine reserves on the density and size of targeted species

Cited by 12 publications

References 39 publications

Acoustic Survey of an Estuarine Marine Protected Area and of its Close Vicinity: Analysis and Monitoring Prospective

Acoustic Survey of an Estuarine Marine Protected Area and of its Close Vicinity: Analysis and Monitoring Prospective

Implications of Sponge Biodiversity Patterns for the Management of a Marine Reserve in Northern Australia

Effects of Marine Reserve Protection on Adjacent Non-protected Populations in New Zealand

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