Direct ethanol fuel cells for transport and stationary applications – A comprehensive review

Badwal, S. P. S.; Giddey, Sarbjit; Kulkarni, Aniruddha; Goel, Jyoti; Basu, Suddhasatwa

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.02.002

Cited by 435 publications

(287 citation statements)

References 163 publications

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“…Fuel is fed into the fuel cell sack and the oxidation reaction takes place at the catalyst surface at the anode and the reduction occurs at the cathode. The reactions are shown in equations (1)-(3) for DMFC (Mallick et al, 2015;Mudiraj et al, 2015) and equations (4)-(6) for DEFC (Abdullah et al, 2015;Badwal et al, 2015 …”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of response surface methodology to optimize direct alcohol fuel cell power density for greener energy production

Charoen

Prapainainar

Sureeyatanapas

et al. 2017

Journal of Cleaner Production

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Please cite this article as: Charoen K, Prapainainar C, Sureeyatanapas P, Suwannaphisit T, Wongamornpitak K, Kongkachuichay P, Holmes SM, Prapainainar P, Application of response surface methodology to optimize direct alcohol fuel cell power density for greener energy production, Journal of Cleaner Production (2016Production ( ), doi: 10.1016Production ( /j.jclepro.2016 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. AbstractEnergy production from direct alcohol fuel cells depends strongly on the operating conditions. In this research, the aim was to find the best conditions of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) and direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFC) to obtain the maximum power density with the response surface method using Program Design Expert 7.0.0. M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPTThree related independent variables, including operating temperature in the range of 30-70°C, alcohol flow rate in the range of 5-50 ml/min, and alcohol concentration in the range of 0.5-3 M, were covered. Nafion117 was used as an electrolyte and Pt-Ru and Pt were used as catalysts in anode and cathode, respectively. The effect of those variables on the maximum power density was illustrated in the form of quadratic models which predicted the appropriate operating conditions. The Nafion membrane was modified by adding mordenite (MOR) to improve its alcohol permeability. The result from response revealed that the higher operating temperatures and higher alcohol concentrations led to an increase in maximum power density, in both the DMFC and DEFC. The DMFC had a higher maximum power density and greater current than the DEFC had. This was because methanol was easier to oxidize than ethanol In addition, it was found that the MOR content of 1.47 wt% in the Nafion composite membrane reduced the alcohol permeability

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Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of response surface methodology to optimize direct alcohol fuel cell power density for greener energy production

Charoen

Prapainainar

Sureeyatanapas

et al. 2017

Journal of Cleaner Production

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“…DAFCs are an important alternative power source for many applications, particularly as portable devices. The use of organic liquid fuels has advantageous features including easy and safe handling, storage and transportation, high energy density and low cost [1][2][3][4]. However, despite these advantages, DAFCs are characterized by a significantly lower power density and lower efficiency than the commonly used hydrogen-fuelled polymer electrolyte membranes fuel cells (PEMFCs) because of the slow alcohol oxidation kinetics and alcohol crossover from the anode to the cathode [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Efforts to mitigate the poisoning of Pt have been concentrated on the addition of co-catalysts to the platinum [1][2][3][4]. The addition of a second metal or a metal oxide as a promoter for the oxidation of adsorbed species is a way to solve the problem of Pt poisoning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pt-Ni and Pt-M-Ni (M = Ru, Sn) Anode Catalysts for Low-Temperature Acidic Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells: A Review

Antolini¹

2017

Energies

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Abstract:In view of a possible use as anode materials in acidic direct alcohol fuel cells, the electro-catalytic activity of Pt-Ni and Pt-M-Ni (M = Ru, Sn) catalysts for methanol and ethanol oxidation has been widely investigated. An overview of literature data regarding the effect of the addition of Ni to Pt and Pt-M on the methanol and ethanol oxidation activity in acid environment of the resulting binary and ternary Ni-containing Pt-based catalysts is presented, highlighting the effect of alloyed and non-alloyed nickel on the catalytic activity of these materials.

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“…1,2 However, the high theoretical efficiency of 98% for a direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) is based on complete oxidation of ethanol to CO 2 (Eq. 1), which generates 12 electrons (n = 12), while the main products from a DEFC are acetic acid (Eq.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,7 n av = n i· f i [4] where n i is the number of electrons transferred to form product i and f i is the fraction of ethanol converted to product i (CO 2 , acetic acid and acetaldehyde account for >99% of the ethanol consumed 8 ). Various experimental methods are available for measuring n av , including analysis of the amount of ethanol consumed, 9,10 the product distribution, 7,10 and several electrochemical methods.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the Stoichiometry of Ethanol Oxidation from the Flow Rate Dependence of the Current in a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell

Altarawneh

Pickup

2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Measurement of the stoichiometry of ethanol oxidation is crucial in the development of direct ethanol fuel cell technology because it determines how efficiently the fuel is used. Here, it has been determined in fuel cell hardware at 80 • C for various anodes prepared with commercial Pt/C, PtRu/C and PtSn/C catalysts. Average numbers of electrons transferred per ethanol molecule (n av ) obtained from the flow rate dependence of the current (electrochemical method) are critically compared with values obtained from the amount of ethanol consumed and yields of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and carbon dioxide (chemical analysis). In general, the electrochemical method provides accurate values of n av . Crossover of ethanol to the cathode causes a small (<10%) underestimation of n av , but this is generally less than the uncertainly of the measurement. However, when yields of carbon dioxide are high (>50%), the dependence of n av on the ethanol concentration can lead to its overestimation, and to impossibly high values. This can be diagnosed by comparing results obtained over different flow rate ranges, and the accuracy can be improved by use of a narrow range of flow rates. The electrochemical method can be routinely applied during measurement of a polarization curve, without any addition equipment, and is well suited for rapid assessment of the effects of operating conditions and changes over time. Ethanol is an attractive fuel for direct liquid fuel cells.1,2 However, the high theoretical efficiency of 98% for a direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) is based on complete oxidation of ethanol to CO 2 (Eq. 1), which generates 12 electrons (n = 12), while the main products from a DEFC are acetic acid (Eq. 2; n = 4) and acetaldehyde (Eq. 3; n = 2). Since the overall efficiency of a DEFC is proportional to the number of electrons transferred, 3 measurement of the stoichiometry of ethanol oxidation (average number of electrons transferred per molecule, n av ) plays a crucial role in the development of more efficient anode catalysts for DEFCs. 3,6 Simple and fast methods are required for routine evaluation of the efficiency of catalysts over a wide range of conditions.The faradaic efficiency (ε F ) of a DEFC is determined by the ratio of n av to the maximum of n = 12 for the complete oxidation of ethanol to carbon dioxide (ε F = n av /12), while n av is determined by the product distribution according to Eq. 4,where n i is the number of electrons transferred to form product i and f i is the fraction of ethanol converted to product i (CO 2 , acetic acid and acetaldehyde account for >99% of the ethanol consumed 8 ). Various experimental methods are available for measuring n av , including analysis of the amount of ethanol consumed, 9,10 the product distribution, 7,10 and several electrochemical methods. 11,12Determination of n av from the dependence of the current on the flow rate of the ethanol solution, in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) hardware, is particularly convenient. 11,13 In this method, the concentration of the...

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Direct ethanol fuel cells for transport and stationary applications – A comprehensive review

Cited by 435 publications

References 163 publications

Application of response surface methodology to optimize direct alcohol fuel cell power density for greener energy production

Application of response surface methodology to optimize direct alcohol fuel cell power density for greener energy production

Pt-Ni and Pt-M-Ni (M = Ru, Sn) Anode Catalysts for Low-Temperature Acidic Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells: A Review

Determination of the Stoichiometry of Ethanol Oxidation from the Flow Rate Dependence of the Current in a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell

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