Direct electrochemical synthesis of high-entropy alloys from metal oxides

Sure, Jagadeesh; Vishnu, D. Sri Maha; Schwandt, Carsten

doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2017.05.009

Cited by 49 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…48 Most recently, the high-entropy alloys (e.g., TiNbTaZr and TiNbTaZrHf) have been fabricated using the FFC-Cambridge process, which further demonstrates its capabilities for alloy making. 83 …”

Section: An Affordable Alloying Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: Towards the Sustainable Production of Titanium and Its Alloys

Dolganov

et al. 2017

JOM

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Section: An Affordable Alloying Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: Towards the Sustainable Production of Titanium and Its Alloys

Dolganov

et al. 2017

JOM

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“…Light optical microscopy (Olympus BHM) was used to visualise the indentations. 34) but this phase was not seen probably owing to its relatively small proportion. A small degree of shrinkage was found to occur with increasing sintering temperature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Molten Salt Electrochemical Synthesis, Heat Treatment and Microhardness of Ti–5Ta–2Nb Alloy

et al. 2019

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Alloy of composition Ti5Ta2Nb (numbers in mass%) was synthesised directly from the corresponding mixed metal oxides via the FFC-Cambridge process. Compacted powder discs of TiO 2 Ta 2 O 5 Nb 2 O 5 were cathodically polarised against a graphite anode in a molten CaCl 2 electrolyte, and the effect of various process parameters on the synthesis of the alloy was investigated. The samples retained their disc-type shape throughout the oxide-to-metal conversion under appropriate processing conditions. XRD analysis showed that the electrochemically prepared alloy existed as single-phase ¡-Ti and changed into dual-phase (¡+¢)-Ti upon heat treatment. SEM/EDX analysis revealed a nodular porous microstructure and confirmed the intended chemical composition. Backscattered SEM analysis after heat treatment provided direct evidence of micron-sized ¢-phase precipitates at the boundaries of the ¡-phase particles. Microhardness of the heat-treated alloy compared well with literature data for the same material prepared by conventional metallurgical methods. Overall, the study has demonstrated the feasibility of the single-step electrochemical fabrication of Ti5Ta2Nb alloy bodies directly from oxides for structural application.

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“…The process has since been shown to be capable of reducing many different metal oxides, including those of tantalum, chromium and cerium [2][3][4]. Mixed-metal oxides can also be reduced simultaneously, allowing for the direct production of alloys, as well as more novel materials like high-entropy alloys and those derived from lunar regolith simulant material [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Ti Extraction Via the Ffc-cambridge Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct electrochemical production of pseudo-binary Ti–Fe alloys from mixtures of synthetic rutile and iron(III) oxide

Graham

Benson²,

Jackson

2020

J Mater Sci

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Combining the FFC-Cambridge process with field-assisted sintering technology (FAST) allows for the realisation of an alternative, entirely solid-state, production route for a wide range of metals and alloys. For titanium, this could provide a route to produce alloys at a lower cost compared to the conventional Kroll-based route. Use of synthetic rutile instead of high purity TiO2 offers further potential cost savings, with previous studies reporting on the reduction of this feedstock via the FFC-Cambridge process. In this study, mixtures of synthetic rutile and iron oxide (Fe2O3) powders were co-reduced using the FFC-Cambridge process, directly producing titanium alloy powders. The powders were subsequently consolidated using FAST to generate homogeneous, pseudo-binary Ti–Fe alloys containing up to 9 wt.% Fe. The oxide mixture, reduced powders and bulk alloys were fully characterised to determine the microstructure and chemistry evolution during processing. Increasing Fe content led to greater β phase stabilisation but no TiFe intermetallic phase was observed in any of the consolidated alloys. Microhardness testing was performed for preliminary assessment of mechanical properties, with values between 330–400 Hv. Maximum hardness was measured in the alloy containing 5.15 wt.% Fe, thought due to the strengthening effect of fine α phase precipitation within the β grains. At higher Fe contents, there was sufficient β stabilisation to prevent α phase transformation on cooling, leading to a reduction in hardness despite a general increase from solid solution strengthening.

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Direct electrochemical synthesis of high-entropy alloys from metal oxides

Cited by 49 publications

References 46 publications

Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: Towards the Sustainable Production of Titanium and Its Alloys

Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: Towards the Sustainable Production of Titanium and Its Alloys

Molten Salt Electrochemical Synthesis, Heat Treatment and Microhardness of Ti–5Ta–2Nb Alloy

Direct electrochemical production of pseudo-binary Ti–Fe alloys from mixtures of synthetic rutile and iron(III) oxide

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