Molten Salt Electrochemical Synthesis, Heat Treatment and Microhardness of Ti–5Ta–2Nb Alloy

Sure, Jagadeesh; Vishnu, D. Sri Maha; Kumar, Rupesh; Schwandt, Carsten

doi:10.2320/matertrans.ma201808

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Ti5Ta2Nb alloy 25) was synthesized from a TiO 2 Ta 2 O 5 Nb 2 O 5 mixture via the FFC Cambridge process in a molten CaCl 2 electrolyte. It changed into dual-phase (¡ + ¢)Ti by subsequent heat treatment.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Studies on Titanium Refining: 2017–2020

2021

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Titanium oxide can be converted directly to its metallic state. This extraordinary technology is realized in a CaCl 2 -based molten salt that can extract oxygen ions from the cathode. Several discussions have been exchanged in the field of electrochemistry and metallurgy in the last two decades. Recent papers on titanium refining are overviewed by selecting popular papers, especially those published in this journal, Materials Transactions. Basic and scientific studies on titanium and its refining are briefly analyzed, and some practical applications are introduced in related oxide reductions and the corresponding molten salts.

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Section: Synthesis Of Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Studies on Titanium Refining: 2017–2020

2021

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“…In comparison to the MOE method, this process achieves the direct electrolytic production of metals and alloys at lower temperatures ranging from 800 • C to 850 • C [19,20]. The use of solid metal oxides as cathodes in chloride molten salts for a direct electrochemical reduction to produce elemental metals has been applied in the extraction of various metals, including Fe [21,22], Ti [23], Cr [24,25], Al [26], V [27,28], Se [29], titanium-based [30][31][32][33][34], aluminum-based alloys [35,36], high-entropy alloys [37], etc. Research has shown that the addition of a small amount of CaO to CaCl 2 can significantly increase the rate of reduction and deoxidation [38][39][40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Influence of CaO on the Electrochemical Reduction of Fe2O3 in NaCl-CaCl2 Molten Salt

Li,

Song,

Liang

et al. 2023

Molecules

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The presence of calcium-containing molten salts in the electrolysis of oxides for metal production can lead to the formation of CaO and, subsequently, the generation of intermediate products, affecting the reduction of metals. To investigate the impact of CaO on the reduction process, experiments were conducted using a Fe2O3-CaO cathode and a graphite anode in a NaCl-CaCl2 molten salt electrolyte at 800 °C. The electrochemical reduction kinetics of the intermediate product Ca2Fe2O5 were studied using cyclic voltammetry and I-t curve analysis. The phase composition and morphology of the electrolysis products were analyzed using XRD, SEM-EDS, and XPS. The experimental results demonstrate that upon addition of CaO to the Fe2O3 cathode, Ca2Fe2O5 is formed instantly in the molten salt upon the application of an electrical current. Research conducted at different voltages, combined with electrochemical analysis, indicates that the reduction steps of Ca2Fe2O5 in the NaCl-CaCl2 molten salt are as follows: Ca2Fe2O5 ⟶ Fe3O4 ⟶ FeO ⟶ Fe. The presence of CaO accelerates the electrochemical reduction rate, promoting the formation of Fe. At 0.6 V and after 600 min of electrolysis, all of the Ca2Fe2O5 is converted into Fe, coexisting with CaCO3. With an increase in the electrolysis voltage, the electrolysis product Fe particles visibly grow larger, exhibiting pronounced agglomeration effects. Under the conditions of a 1 V voltage, a study was conducted to investigate the influence of time on the reduction process of Ca2Fe2O5. Gradually, it resulted in the formation of CaFe3O5, CaFe5O7, FeO, and metallic Fe. With an increased driving force, one gram of Fe2O3-CaO mixed oxide can completely turn into metal Fe by electrolysis for 300 min.

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“…[13][14][15][16] Recently, FFC Cambridge process has been successfully applied for the preparation of advanced materials and alloys such as Ta-Nb, Ti-Nb, Ti-5Ta-Nb, Ti-Nb-Sn, TiNbTaZr, CoCrFeNi, and various hydrogen storage alloys, such as LaNi 5 , CeCo 5 , CeNi 5 , TbNi 5 , ZrCr 2 and ZrMn 2 . 11,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Peng et al synthesized Zr-based AB 2 -type hydrogen storage alloys (HSAs) viz., ZrCr 2 , ZrCr 0.7 Ni 1.3 , and Zr 0.5 Ti 0.5 V 0.5 Cr 0.2 Ni 1.3 from respective mixed oxide precursors via molten salt electrolysis in CaCl 2 melt at 900 o C. 11 Electrolysis energy consumption as low as 9.59 kWh (kg-HSA) −1 and a metal recovery yield greater than 90% was reported. The reduction proceeded through CaZrO 3 , elemental Zr and Cr as reaction intermediates.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Preparation of ZrFe₂ and ZrFe_1.8Ni_0.2 Intermetallic Compounds by FFC Cambridge Process

Khan,

Mukherjee,

Shakila

et al. 2023

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The aim of the present study was to prepare ZrFe2 and ZrFe1.8Ni0.2 intermetallic compounds by FFC Cambridge process. The intermetallic compounds were prepared directly from the mixed oxide precursors, namely ZrO2-Fe2O3 and ZrO2-Fe2O3-NiO, respectively. Electrochemical de-oxidation experiments were carried out with mixed oxide pellet cathode and HD graphite anode by applying a constant cell voltage of 3.1 V in CaCl2 melt at 900 oC. The electrochemical behaviour of oxides was studied by cyclic voltammetry using metallic cavity electrodes (MCEs). The electrolysis was carried out for different durations of time to understand the mechanistic pathway of reduction of ZrO2-Fe2O3. The electro-reduced products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The reduction intermediates involved Fe, CaZrO3, calcia stabilised zirconia (CSZ), Fe23Zr6, Zr6Fe3O and Zr2Fe. Single cubic C15 phase of ZrFe2 was obtained in 48 h electrolysis product. ZrFe1.8Ni0.2 was also electrochemically synthesized from its oxide precursors viz. ZrO2, Fe2O3 and NiO. Apart from ZrFe1.8Ni0.2 phase, the electro-reduced products had a Zr2Ni phase even after 72 h of electrolysis.

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Molten Salt Electrochemical Synthesis, Heat Treatment and Microhardness of Ti–5Ta–2Nb Alloy

Cited by 10 publications

References 40 publications

Recent Studies on Titanium Refining: 2017–2020

Recent Studies on Titanium Refining: 2017–2020

Study on the Influence of CaO on the Electrochemical Reduction of Fe2O3 in NaCl-CaCl2 Molten Salt

Electrochemical Preparation of ZrFe₂ and ZrFe_1.8Ni_0.2 Intermetallic Compounds by FFC Cambridge Process

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Molten Salt Electrochemical Synthesis, Heat Treatment and Microhardness of Ti–5Ta–2Nb Alloy

Cited by 10 publications

References 40 publications

Recent Studies on Titanium Refining: 2017–2020

Recent Studies on Titanium Refining: 2017–2020

Study on the Influence of CaO on the Electrochemical Reduction of Fe2O3 in NaCl-CaCl2 Molten Salt

Electrochemical Preparation of ZrFe2 and ZrFe1.8Ni0.2 Intermetallic Compounds by FFC Cambridge Process

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Product

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Electrochemical Preparation of ZrFe₂ and ZrFe_1.8Ni_0.2 Intermetallic Compounds by FFC Cambridge Process