Direct Drawing Method of Graphite onto Paper for High-Performance Flexible Electrochemical Sensors

Santhiago, Murilo; Strauss, Mathias; Pereira, Mariane P.; Chagas, Andréia S.; Bufon, Carlos César Bof

doi:10.1021/acsami.6b15646

Cited by 95 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In addition, the use of paper-based analytical devices with colorimetric [28,29], mass spectrometry [22] and electrochemical detectors [30][31][32] has successfully generated the creation of powerful tools for applications in different research fields. Among the mentioned detectors, electro-chemistry is quite promising due to its compatibility with microfabrication techniques, adjustable selectivity, low detectability levels and portability, especially when used in combination with battery-powered potentiostats [33][34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Analgesics and Sedation Drugs in Whiskey Using Electrochemical Paper‐based Analytical Devices

et al. 2018

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The adulteration of whiskey with analgesics and sedation drugs has been a common practice to prevent hangover the following day and promote loss of consciousness. In both situations, the portable and low cost detection platforms are of paramount importance for forensic investigations. This report describes the use of electrochemical paper‐based analytical devices (ePADs) fabricated by pencil drawing for detecting metamizole, paracetamol and midazolam maleate in whiskey. Different types of paper substrates and graphite pencils were initially characterized with ferrocyanide. The best results were achieved using vegetal paper and Aquarelle/6B pencils. ePADs revealed a decrease in current signal indicating a short lifetime, thus limiting their use to disposable sensors. Despite the short lifetime, the graphite pencil ePADs revealed good electrochemical reproducibility (RSD=3.3 %). The forensic feasibility of the proposed ePADs was demonstrated through the analysis of metamizole and paracetamol in whiskey. The limit of detection (LOD) achieved for paracetamol and metamizole were 45 and 20 mg L−1, respectively. ePADs were also tested to detect midazolam maleate in whiskey. The signal recorded exhibited linear correlation in a wide concentration range (25–1000 mg L−1) and a LOD of ca. 5 mg L−1. Considering the disposability and operational simplicity, ePADs offer a good strategy for detecting adulterations in alcoholic beverages at the point‐of‐need.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Analgesics and Sedation Drugs in Whiskey Using Electrochemical Paper‐based Analytical Devices

et al. 2018

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“…This parameter is a measurement of the kinetic facility of a redox pair. Due to the fact that some values of ▵ Ep found were beyond the limits of Nicholson method (where ▵ Ep > 200 mV) the function proposed by Lavagnini was employed for the calculations of Ψ . The values found for k° ranged from 4.5 × 10 −3 cm s −1 to 5.6 × 10 −3 cm s −1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple and Inexpensive Electrochemical Platform Based on Novel Homemade Carbon Ink and its Analytical Application for Determination of Nitrite

2017

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In this work we present the development of a simple handmade approach for the easy fabrication of three‐electrode electrochemical devices based on newly in‐house developed carbon ink composed of graphite powder and polystyrene. Different proportions of graphite/polystyrene were investigated for the optimization of the ink. The counter and reference electrodes were produced using commercial carbon ink and silver glue. Scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to investigate the morphology and the electrochemical properties of the sensor. The results showed that the electroactive area of the optimized working electrode was ca. 2.35 times larger than its geometric area. The RSD values obtained for repeatability and reproducibility were 0.20% and 2.78%, respectively, which suggest no significant variation on the electrodes fabricated. The analytical feasibility of the electrode was tested through its application for the determination of nitrite in drinking water. The quantifications were successfully performed at levels below the maximum contaminant level established for nitrite. A limit of detection of 1.42 × 10−6 mol L−1 and recoveries of ca. 103 % were achieved. The results were validated using ion‐chromatography technique with good agreement. The performance of the unmodified sensor proposed here on nitrite determination was better than some recently reported modified electrodes obtained through complex procedures.

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“…modified office paper with carbon black to obtain conductive substrates for electrochemical, electronic and wearable devices. The same authors also reported the use of pencil‐drawn electrodes on office paper to obtain a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) sensor …”

Section: Which Paper Substrate To Use?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The same authors also reported the use of pencil-drawn electrodes on office paper to obtain a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) sensor. [55] A careful look into published articles showed little or no information on why a certain paper type is chosen for the development of devices, and we believe that more studies that relate the electrochemical response to the paper type, quality, and properties are extremely necessary to further develop precise and advanced sensing strategies. The paper type and its pretreatments are important for better performance of these devices, and we thus tend to be more critical of the development of strategies that clarify the standardization of these processes.…”

Section: Which Paper Substrate To Use?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 filter with Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) DPV [41c] Nitrocellulose (LFIA) and Whatman No. 1 chromatography paper paraoxon in environment amperometry [65] Nitrocellulose (LFIA) acetaminophen DPV [14a] Nitrocellulose (LFIA) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) SWV [48] Nitrocellulose (LFIA) myeloperoxidase amperometry [51] Nitrocellulose (LFIA) DNA oxidative damage amperometry [66] Nitrocellulose(LFIA) myeloperoxidase (MPO) amperometry [51] Nitrocellulose (LFIA) organophosphorous SWV [67] Nitrocellulose (LFIA) Dengue NS1 protein EIS [68] Nitrocellulose (LFIA) foodborne bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica amperometry [69] Nanocellulose paper glucose and E. coli amperometry and EIS [70] Mixed cellulose ester (MCE) nitrite DPV [14c] Office paper picric acid, Cl À and Pb + 2 CV and SWV [53] Office paper (80 and 100 g m À2 ) ethanol amperometry [25] Office paper NADH CV and amperometry [55] Office paper Li + , Na + and K + conductimetry [71] Cardboard ascorbic, caffeic and picric acids CV and DPV [72] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 the sample pad to the region of detection. [73] These microfluidic channels are made using hydrophobic materials or by establishing physical limits by cutting the paper substrate.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Paper-based Electrochemical Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging Considerations for the Future Development of Electrochemical Paper‐Based Analytical Devices

et al. 2018

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Meeting the current needs for easier, more precise and faster analyses that also follow the principles of green analytical chemistry requires novel analytical chemistry strategies. Since the appearance in this century of the first device based on a paper platform, many studies have been presented in the literature, providing a wide range of designs and possibilities for the application of paper platforms to electroanalytical systems. This Review gives an overview of the field and can pave the way for the future development of electrochemical paper‐based analytical devices. We also present a critical point of view regarding what has been investigated and developed and what is still missing. This Review discusses the efforts made in the field related to important topics such as the choice of the paper substrate, the device construction process, the characterization of the device, and applications in different areas. In this way, we indicate some steps necessary for optimizing the design of the devices, with a focus on multidisciplinary collaborations that could move entire systems from the bench of the laboratory to the field.

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Direct Drawing Method of Graphite onto Paper for High-Performance Flexible Electrochemical Sensors

Cited by 95 publications

References 51 publications

Detection of Analgesics and Sedation Drugs in Whiskey Using Electrochemical Paper‐based Analytical Devices

Detection of Analgesics and Sedation Drugs in Whiskey Using Electrochemical Paper‐based Analytical Devices

Simple and Inexpensive Electrochemical Platform Based on Novel Homemade Carbon Ink and its Analytical Application for Determination of Nitrite

Emerging Considerations for the Future Development of Electrochemical Paper‐Based Analytical Devices

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