Direct Costs for Care and Glycaemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Sudan

Elrayah-Eliadarous, Hind; Yassin, Kamal; Eltom, Mohamed; Abdelrahman, Samir; Wahlström, Rolf; Östenson, Claes Göran

doi:10.1055/s-0029-1246216

Cited by 35 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…Another example is a recent study from Iran in 2009, which gave an annual cost figure of US$ 152 per DM patient [9]. Similarly, in Tunisia, an analysis in 1994 estimated an annual cost figure as low as US$ 117 [10], in Egypt costs were even lower [11] and a recent study in Sudan showed direct costs to amount USD 175 per year [12]. Middle income countries, such as those in Latin America and the Caribbean region, tend to be in-between Western and developing countries [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, with only three studies from countries in the region (Iran, Tunisia and Egypt) there is a dearth of information on the economic impact of DM in the Middle East [9-12], especially the Arabian Peninsula, where no specific studies were carried out. WHO estimates for the per capita expenditure on health care in the region amounted to US$ 497 for UAE during 2004 [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the direct medical costs of diabetes mellitus and its complications in the United Arab Emirates

2010

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BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health problem in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and is well recognized as a major and increasing burden to the country's resources due to its severe, long term debilitating effects on individuals, families and the society at large. The aim of the study was to estimate the direct annual treatment costs of DM and its related complications among patients in Al-Ain city, UAE.MethodsA sample of 150 DM patients were enrolled during 2004-2005, and their medical costs over the ensuing 12 months was measured, quantified, analyzed and extrapolated to the population in Al-Ain and UAE, using conventional and inference statistics. The costs were converted from UAE Dirhams to US Dollar, using the official conversion rate of US$ (1 USD = 3.68 AED).ResultsThe total annual direct treatment costs of DM among patients without complications in Al Ain-UAE, was US $1,605 (SD = 1,206) which is 3.2 times higher than the per capita expenditure for health care in the UAE (US$ 497) during 2004 (WHO, 2004). However, this cost increased 2.2 times with the presence of DM related complications for patients with microvascular complications, by 6.4 times for patients with macrovascular complications and 9.4 times for patients with both micro and macrovascular complications. Likewise, the annual direct hospitalization costs of DM patients increased by 3.7 times for patients with microvascular complications, by 6.6 times for patients with macrovascular complications and by 5 times for patients with both micro and macrovascualr complications. Overall, costs increased with age, diabetes duration and were higher for patients treated with insulin compared to those treated with oral hypoglycemic agents or with diet control only.ConclusionsDM direct treatment costs increased with the presence and progression of chronic DM related complications. Hospitalisation costs constituted a large proportion and were increasingly higher with the presence and progression of DM related complications. To reduce the impact on healthcare resources, efforts should be made to prevent progression to DM complications, by implementing guidelines for diabetes care, screening for complications and better management.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the direct medical costs of diabetes mellitus and its complications in the United Arab Emirates

2010

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“…The estimated annual direct cost of treating diabetes across private and public clinics in Khartoum, for instance, has been estimated to be US$175, which is equivalent to about 9% of the annual wage of a patient with diabetes in this setting 21. The cost burden to the patient for the treatment of severe diabetic foot ulcer is equivalent to about 2.1 years of average annual income in Tanzania, against 0.8 years in the USA 22.…”

Section: Economic Burden Of Diabetes Mellitus In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights on diabetes mellitus and obesity in Africa-Part 2: prevention, screening and economic burden

Kengne

Sobngwi

Echouffo‐Tcheugui

et al. 2013

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Evidence has been accumulating on the importance of the rising burden of diabetes mellitus on the African continent at an increasingly higher pace. In the first paper of this series of two companion papers, recent evidence on the prevalence, pathogenesis and comorbidities of obesity and diabetes mellitus in Africa were summarised. In this second paper, we focus on recent developments pertaining to the prevention, screening and the economic burden of diabetes and obesity on the continent. There are indications that awareness on diabetes and chronic diseases at large has increased in Africa in recent times. However, the care for diabetes largely remains suboptimal in most countries, which are not adequately prepared to face the prevention and control of diabetes, as the costs of caring for the condition pose a tremendous challenge to most local economies. Moreover, translation strategies to prevent and control diabetes and obesity, on the continent, are still to be evaluated.

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“…The reasons for poor adherence are multifaceted and complex, and include, Patient-centered factors (such as age, sex, education, and forgetfulness), therapy-related factors (such as treatment complexity and side effects), healthcare system factors (such as drug availability and accessibility to healthcare), social and economic factors (such as cost of therapy, income and social support) [10]- [12]. In Sudan 77% were found to be uncontrolled due to cost related factors [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Medication Non Adherence in Type 2 Sudanese Diabetic Patients

EI-Hadiyah¹,

Madani²,

Abdelrahim³

et al. 2016

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Background: Medications non-adherence is responsible for treatment failure and a reason of higher cost of medical care. It had been proved that, in general, diabetic patients are non-adherent to their treatment and only a small number of them were found to be adhering with all aspects of diabetic care. Objectives: To assess and evaluate the most common factors associated with medications adherence among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients attending Ribat University Hospital Diabetic Clinic (RUHDC) Khartoum state, Sudan. Methods: Single Centre Descriptive cross sectional hospital based study was carried out among 351 patients using structured questionnaire and patients cards. Results: A total of 351 patients were recruited in the study; 65.8% were females. About 64.4% were on oral medications and 35.6% on insulin. Adherence to medications among total Type 2 DM patients was 45%. Main barriers to medication adherence were drugs unavailability (34.3%) and forgetfulness (30.7%). Medications knowledge was 41.2% for patients on oral medications and 38.4% for insulin users. Conclusion: Adherence to anti-diabetic drugs in this study was found to be sub-optimal but considered reasonable in comparison with that reported by many African countries. Poor medications knowledge, drug brand unavailability and forgetfulness were the main reasons for medications non adherence. Family support, improving healthcare system and changing patents' behavior will be needed to improve medications adherence.

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Direct Costs for Care and Glycaemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Sudan

Cited by 35 publications

References 11 publications

Assessment of the direct medical costs of diabetes mellitus and its complications in the United Arab Emirates

Assessment of the direct medical costs of diabetes mellitus and its complications in the United Arab Emirates

New insights on diabetes mellitus and obesity in Africa-Part 2: prevention, screening and economic burden

Factors Affecting Medication Non Adherence in Type 2 Sudanese Diabetic Patients

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