Direct and indirect effects of parenting practices on socio‐moral approval of aggression in Polish young adults. Do all practices matter?

Abstract

The purpose of this article was to determine the socialisation antecedents of socio-moral approval of aggression (SMAA). In Study 1, we assessed factorial structure and reliability of the SMAA with a sample of 355 students who reported on the extent to which they approved of six forms of aggressive behaviour and six justifications of aggression. Two-factor solutions were obtained with regard to forms and justifications of aggressive acts. Thus, approval of extreme and minor aggression was distinguished as well as legitimate and illegitimate justifications of aggression. In Study 2, we tested the path models of the socialisation antecedents that contributed to the high approval of minor and extreme aggressive acts as well as legitimate and illegitimate justifications of aggression. Data were collected from 173 undergraduate students. Path analyses showed that high levels of approval of extremely aggressive acts and of illegitimate justifications of aggression were preceded by a sequence of negative life events, beginning with frequent misbehaviour in childhood, corporal punishment used by parents and ending with delinquency in adolescence. The approval of minor aggression had little relation to socialisation factors apart from a detrimental effect of psychological aggression while approval of legitimate justifications of aggression had no socialisation antecedents.

Two Sexes, Two Genders Only: Measuring Attitudes toward Transgender Individuals in Poland

“…However, one interesting result requires a comment, namely that gender bashing was predicted only by traditional but not modern homonegativity. The gender-bashing subscale of the GTS refers mainly to the readiness to use violence toward transgender people, a behavior that is rather unaccepted in normative populations (Dominiak-Kochanek et al 2018). Traditional homonegativity includes an overtly hostile belief about the inferiority of lesbian and gay individuals (Górska et al 2017), which is not the case in modern prejudice.…”

The relation of sensitivity to provocation and frustration to direct aggression: the mediating role of beliefs about aggression / La relación entre la sensibilidad a la provocación y a la frustración y la agresión directa: el papel mediador de las creencias sobre la agresión

“…One may attribute this difference to the difference in social and personal acceptability of these two types of aggression. Studies of approval of aggression have consistently shown that more moderate forms such as ‘being ironic’ or ‘shouting angrily’ are considered more acceptable than extreme forms such as ‘hitting’ or ‘killing’ (Dominiak‐Kochanek, Konopka, Rutkowska, Frączek, & Ramirez, 2016; Millana & Ramirez, 2011). Verbal aggression seems to be more frequent and more socially accepted than physical aggression, and one would therefore expect it to be determined by a wide range of processes and contextual or situational factors; because physical aggression is less socially and culturally acceptable, factors and mechanisms regulating its manifestation must be more specific than in cases of verbal aggression, and more strictly related to psychological constructs.…”

“…Esta diferencia podría atribuirse a la diferencia en aprobación social y personal de estos dos tipos de agresión. Estudios sobre la aceptación de la agresión han mostrado con consistencia que otras formas más moderadas, como las ‘respuestas irónicas’ o los ‘gritos de enfado’, se consideran más aceptables que las formas más extremas como los ‘golpes’ o el ‘homicidio’ (Dominiak‐Kochanek, Konopka, Rutkowska, Frączek, & Ramirez, 2016; Millana & Ramirez, 2011). La agresión verbal parece ser más frecuente y estar más aceptada socialmente que la agresión física y, por tanto, cabría esperar que estuviese determinada por un abanico más amplio de procesos y factores contextuales o situacionales.…”