Diphenylamine Residues in Apples and Apple Cider

Gutenmann, Walter H.; Lisk, Donald J.; Blanpied, G. D.

doi:10.1111/j.1745-4565.1990.tb00028.x

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…DPA is also used to prevent postharvest deterioration of apple and pear [3,4]. In addition, DPA is a parent compound of many derivatives, which are used for the production of dyes, pharmaceuticals and photography chemicals [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of diphenylamine by persulfate: Performance optimization, kinetics and mechanism

Wei

Mak

et al. 2009

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of diphenylamine by persulfate: Performance optimization, kinetics and mechanism

Wei

Mak

et al. 2009

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…Meyer, 1977; Haas et al,1990;Espinoza, 1988& 1994Gutenmann et al, 1990Ingle et al, 1990;Johnson et al,. 1997;Kim-Kang et al, 1998Calnan, 1978Bazin et al, 1986Sugihara et al, 1993Bazin et al, 1986Layer & Kehe, 1981Shao & Young, 1994Layer & Kehe, 1981Layer & Kehe, 1981Karawya et al, 1984Nose et al, 1971Piorr & T6th, 1967SrJvastava et al, 1982Singh et al, 1986Raza et al, 1982Singh et al, 1986Burkinshaw & Lu, 1993 Meyer, 1977 (CURTIS & ROGASCH, 1987;OLEK, 1988;DE JONG & VERWEIJ, 1988;ESPtNOZA, 1988;HO et al, 1990;SCHREIBER, 1990;ESPtNOZA & THORNTON, 1994;DORNBERGER & WeLSCH, 1995;GOLLOCH et al, 1995;DRZYZGA, 1996;DRZYZGA & BLOTEVOGEL, 1997).…”

Section: Fam:panonychus])unclassified

Umweltrelevanz von Diphenylamin — Ein Stoff der 3. EU-Altstoffprioritätenliste

Drzyzga

1999

UWSF - Z Umweltchem Ökotox

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Zusammenfassung. Diphenylamin (DPA), das einfachste, rein aromatische sekund~ire Amin, ist ein Stoff der dritten Altstoffprioritfitenliste der Europ~iischen Union (EU). Es wurde der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zugewiesen, die yon diesem Stoff ausgehenden Umweltrisiken zu erfassen und zu bewerten. DPA wird als Stabilisator in Nitrocellulose-haltigen Explosivstoffen und Treibladungspulvern eingesetzt, auf~erdem als Stabilisator in der Parf/.imerie und als Antioxidationsmittel in der Gummi-und Elastomer-Industrie. DPA wird auch vielfacb genutzt, um Apfel und Birnen nach der Ernte vor vorzeitigem Altern bzw. Verfall zu bewahren. Ferner ist es Ausgangsverbindung zahlreicher Derivate, welche u.a. in der Produktion yon Farben, Pharmazeutika und Fotografiechemikatien Anwendung fiuden. Anfang der 80er Jahre wurden weltweit schfitzungsweise ca. 40.000 t DPA pro Jahr produziert (in Deutschland ca. 10% davon). Die Chemikalie wird noch heute weltweit vonder chemischen Industrie hergestellt. Neuere Publikationen zeigen, dag DPA bereits im Boden und im Grundwasser (in ppb-bis ppm-Konzentrationen) nachgewiesen werden konnte. Einige 6kotoxikologische Ver6ffentlichungen demonstrierten die Gef~hrlichkeit verschiedener DPA-Derivate gegenfiber der aquatischen Umwelt und auch gegeniiber Bakterien und Tieren. Studien bezLiglich der biologischen Abbaubarkeit yon DPA und Derivaten sind sehr sp~irlich vorhanden. Aus diesem Grund sind weiterf~ihrende Forschungsarbeiten notwendig, um das voile Ausmafl der Umweltgef~ihrdung fiir mit DPA und DPADerivaten kontaminierte Bereiche zu bestimmen, und um entsprechende (biologische) Sanierungsverfahren einzuleiten. Dieser 0ber-sichtsbeitrag fat~t die zugfingliche Literatur zusammen, welche die Umweltrelevanz von DPA aufzeigt. Er kann m6glicherweise die deutschen Beh6rden bzw. Gutachter bei der Bewertung yon Risiken dieses Altstoffes der EU-Prioritfitenliste unterstiirzen.

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“…Diphenylamine (DPAH) and its derivatives are widely used in various fields such as chemical probes for identification of DNA, prevention of post‐harvest deterioration and antidegradation of polymeric materials 1–12 . DPAH is known to prevent oxidation of biological materials as well as polymeric materials such as rubbers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct detection of diphenylamino radical formed by oxidation of diphenylamine using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Son

Choi

2021

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Rationale Diphenylamine (DPAH) and its derivatives have been widely used as antioxidants. Its antioxidation behaviors are started with the formation of diphenylamino radical (DPA•) by loss of hydrogen atom through reaction with oxygen or ozone. DPAH was oxidized by ozonation to produce DPA• and DPA• was directly detected using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI‐MS). The influence of oxidation time on generation of DPA• and consumption of DPAH was also investigated. Methods Experiments were performed using a home‐made ozone bubbling apparatus for oxidation of DPAH. DPAH solution (1000 ppm) in acetone was stirred during the ozonation. The oxidized sample was diluted 100‐fold and analyzed using APCI‐MS. Structures and energies of DPAH, DPA• and detected ions were obtained using electronic structure calculations with Spartan 10 and Gaussian 09. Results DPA• was detected in positive APCI‐MS in the form of DPAH•+ by proton transfer reaction with protonated acetone. Formation of DPAH•+ from DPA• was more favorable than that of [DPAH + H]+ from DPAH and it was also much more favorable than that of DPA+ from DPA•. By increasing the oxidation time, the relative abundance of DPAH•+ was increased whereas that of [DPAH + H]+ was notably decreased. Conclusions Existence of DPA• was directly analyzed using APCI‐MS. DPAH and DPA• were differently detected as [DPAH + H]+ and DPAH•+, respectively. Direct APCI‐MS analysis is a suitable technique for identification and quantitation of DPA•.

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Diphenylamine Residues in Apples and Apple Cider

Cited by 13 publications

References 2 publications

Degradation of diphenylamine by persulfate: Performance optimization, kinetics and mechanism

Degradation of diphenylamine by persulfate: Performance optimization, kinetics and mechanism

Umweltrelevanz von Diphenylamin — Ein Stoff der 3. EU-Altstoffprioritätenliste

Direct detection of diphenylamino radical formed by oxidation of diphenylamine using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

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