Dioxins: Sources of environmental load and human exposure

The acute lethality and endocrine effect of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD in juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus) in vivo

“…PCDDs that exist normally as complex mixtures in the environment worldwide are by-products from the incineration of industrial and municipal wastes, the production of the chlorinated phenols and chlorine bleaching in paper mills. The PCDDs with four and more chlorine atoms in the lateral (2, 3, 7 and 8) positions are generally very resistant to chemical and biological degradation (Fiedler et al, 1990). The toxicity of complex mixtures containing PCDDs is often assessed by toxic equivalency factors (TEFs), which are based on the induction of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Van den Berg et al, 2006).…”

Cancer incidence of sulfite pulp workers in Denmark

“…In sulfate and sulfite pulp mills it is common to bleach the cellulose so that the paper will be suitable for printing, and chlorine has been widely used in the bleaching processes (2). A variety of chlorinated organic compounds has been found in pulp and sludge from pulp mills, for example, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, other dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and other chlorinated organic compounds (2)(3)(4)(5).…”

Particle size distributions and gas–particle partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air during haze days and normal days

“…Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are well-known, unintentionally produced, toxic halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons that are formed and released during thermal and chemical processes (Fiedler et al, 1990). PCDD/Fs are ubiquitous in the environment and tend to be environmentally persistent, bioaccumulate in lipids in biota, and undergo long-range transport (Ssebugere et al, 2014b).…”