Dimensional accuracy of Electron Beam Melting (EBM) additive manufacture with regard to weight optimized truss structures

Smith, Christopher J.; Derguti, F.; Nava, E. Hernandez; Thomas, Meurig; Tammas‐Williams, Samuel; Gulizia, Stefan; Fraser, Darren; Todd, Iain

doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.08.028

Cited by 87 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Improper EBM processing parameters will result in a high degree of distortion which can lead to material rising above the powder layer during the production process. Smitha et al suggested that this problem can be solved by decreasing the input energy density through raising the scanning velocity when building a negative strut surface. Another disadvantage of this process is that the sloping outside surface will be rougher because of the thick powder layer…”

Section: Unfavorable Issues In Ebmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys by Electron Beam Melting: A Review

et al. 2017

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Electron beam melting (EBM), as one of metal additive manufacturing technologies, is considered to be an innovative industrial production technology. Based on the layer-wise manufacturing technique, as-produced parts can be fabricated on a powder bed using the 3D computational design method. Because the melting process takes place in a vacuum environment, EBM technology can produce parts with higher densities compared to selective laser melting (SLM), particularly when titanium alloy is used. The ability to produce higher quality parts using EBM technology is making EBM more competitive. After briefly introducing the EBM process and the processing factors involved, this paper reviews recent progress in the processing, microstructure, and properties of titanium alloys and their composites manufactured by EBM. The paper describes significant positive progress in EBM of all types of titanium in terms of solid bulk and porous structures including Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn, with a focus on manufacturing using EBM and the resultant unique microstructure and service properties (mechanical properties, fatigue behaviors, and corrosion resistance properties) of EBM-produced titanium alloys.

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Section: Unfavorable Issues In Ebmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys by Electron Beam Melting: A Review

et al. 2017

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“…Their most important parts are: an object building platform, a feed container, a deposition unit and a beam source, which is the main difference between the machines. SLM machines use a CO2 (10.6-µm wavelength) or Nd:YAG (1.06-µm wavelength) laser with power between 50 and 200 W. EBM machines use a heated tungsten filament to generate an electron beam with the power between 50 and 3500 W. To reduce temperature gradients during EBM processes, initial sample preheating is applied by defocused electrons [34]. There is also the possibility of preheating in SLM systems.…”

Section: Slm and Ebm Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser and Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing Methods of Fabricating Titanium Bone Implants

et al. 2017

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Featured Application: This work is a detailed comparison of the direct laser and electron additive manufacturing methods, which could help scientific research institutes and companies choose the best 3D printer system for the fabrication of titanium implants.Abstract: Additive Manufacturing (AM) methods are generally used to produce an early sample or near net-shape elements based on three-dimensional geometrical modules. To date, publications on AM of metal implants have mainly focused on knee and hip replacements or bone scaffolds for tissue engineering. The direct fabrication of metallic implants can be achieved by methods, such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM) or Electron Beam Melting (EBM). This work compares the SLM and EBM methods used in the fabrication of titanium bone implants by analyzing the microstructure, mechanical properties and cytotoxicity. The SLM process was conducted in an environmental chamber using 0.4-0.6 vol % of oxygen to enhance the mechanical properties of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy. SLM processed material had high anisotropy of mechanical properties and superior UTS (1246-1421 MPa) when compared to the EBM (972-976 MPa) and the wrought material (933-942 MPa). The microstructure and phase composition depended on the used fabrication method. The AM methods caused the formation of long epitaxial grains of the prior β phase. The equilibrium phases (α + β) and non-equilibrium α' martensite was obtained after EBM and SLM, respectively. Although it was found that the heat transfer that occurs during the layer by layer generation of the component caused aluminum content deviations, neither methods generated any cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, in contrast to SLM, the EBM fabricated material met the ASTMF136 standard for surgical implant applications.

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“…The cuboid sample was manufactured with argon gas atomised, Ti-6Al-4V powder in an Arcam AB SEBM system using standard operating conditions (see refs. [5,6,8] for details). This consisted of first melting the perimeter of each 2D layer by 'contouring', before consolidating the internal area using a snaking 'hatching' pattern.…”

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confidence: 99%

Porosity regrowth during heat treatment of hot isostatically pressed additively manufactured titanium components

et al. 2016

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Available online xxxx X-ray computed tomography has been used to track the behaviour of individual pores found in selective electron beam melted additive manufactured titanium. Porosity was found to shrink below the detection limit of X-ray microtomography (b5 μm) upon hot isostatic pressing. Spherical argon containing gas pores, which have a high internal gas pressure following hot isostatic pressing, have been found to progressively reappear and grow in proportion to their original as-built size during high temperature (β-anneal) treatments, whereas larger irregular low pressure pores did not reappear. The implications of these observations in terms of additive manufacturing are discussed.

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Dimensional accuracy of Electron Beam Melting (EBM) additive manufacture with regard to weight optimized truss structures

Cited by 87 publications

References 10 publications

Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys by Electron Beam Melting: A Review

Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys by Electron Beam Melting: A Review

Laser and Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing Methods of Fabricating Titanium Bone Implants

Porosity regrowth during heat treatment of hot isostatically pressed additively manufactured titanium components

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