Dilational Viscoelasticity of the Zwitterionic Gemini Surfactants with Polyoxyethylene Spacers at the Interfaces

Abstract

The dilational viscoelasticity of zwitterionic gemini surfactants C 8 E x NC 12 with polyoxyethylene spacers at the water-air and water-decane interfaces were investigated by oscillating barriers method. The experiments were carried out at different concentrations with an accessible frequency range of 0.005 to 0.1 Hz. Interfacial tension relaxation method was employed to obtain dilational parameters in a reasonably broad frequency range. Experimental results show that the values of dilational elasticity and viscosity of C 8 E x NC 12 are larger than those of common nonionic surfactants, such as T Â 100, and the dilational viscoelasticity at the water-decane is close to that at the water-air interface on the whole . The results may be attributed to Coulombic attraction, and the possible schematic diagrams of adsorbed molecules with different polyoxyethylene spacers at the water-air and water-decane interfaces are proposed. We also analyzed C 8 E x NC 12 from the results of relaxation experiments and Cole-Cole plots.

Electromagnetic Compatibility Time Domain Response Characteristics of EEDs

“…According to the relevant conclusions of the research on the electromagnetic impulse response of EEDs [9], the oscillation period of the induced current of the EEDs in the electromagnetic pulse environment is directly related to the length of the lead, which can be calculated by the following formula: = 4 (7) Among them: Tc is the oscillation period of the current;L is the length of explosive lead wire;V is the propagation speed of RF current in the EEDs, 3×108m/s. Due to the short time of current induced by the electromagnetic pulse on the energy exchanger of the EEDs, which is far less than the thermal time constant of the EEDs, the effect of the electromagnetic pulse on the EEDs belongs to the adiabatic response process, that is, all the induction energy of the electromagnetic pulse is transformed into the thermal effect of the EEDs.According to Formula (3), the time-domain response curve (temperature rising part) of the bridge wire temperature is calculated as follows:…”

Progress in the Synthesis of Zwitterionic Gemini Surfactants

“…Furthermore, there are other sulfonate zwitterionic gemini surfactants with polyoxyethylene spacers [32], shown in (16), as well as maleic anhydride spacers. Perroni et al [33] developed a novel sulfonate zwitterionic gemini surfactant using 1,7-octadiene, alkyl azide, and propane sultone as raw materials.…”

Synthesis and Properties of Exceptionally Thermo-Switchable Viscoelastic Responsive Zwitterionic Gemini Surfactants in Highly Saline Water

“…C 18 AMP3SB exhibited an apparent viscosity of 102 cPs in 20% CaCl 2 solution under a shear rate of 85 s –1 , with an increase in temperature from room temperature to 90 °C . Likewise, the gemini surfactants have shown improved rheological properties due to their lower critical micelle concentration (CMC) and larger surface activity. − Friesen et al utilized gemini cationic surfactants that maintained 50 cPs at 250 °F under a shear rate of 100 s ‑1. Moreover, Pal et al also studied the rheological behavior of similar surfactants .…”