“…2. Using cyber-infrastructure (van Horn et al, 2012), the captured usage data are fed back into the product creation process (Porter and Heppelmann, 2014;Jun et al, 2007), where they are valuable in all stages (Holler et al, 2017;Hou and Jiao, 2020;Jun et al, 2007), but offer the highest value in the early stages like product planning as these are characterized by lots of uncertainties and the determination of lifecycle costs (Holler et al, 2016b;Holler et al, 2017). Here, the data are used to objectively quantify product performance and usage profiles (van Horn et al, 2012) to find usage-centric improvements for the product under consideration (Holler et al, 2016b;Holmström Olsson and Bosch, 2013;Jun et al, 2007;Hou and Jiao, 2020;van Horn et al, 2012).…”