We applied the assimilation of problematic experiences sequence (APES) to a six-year-old girl's processing of traumatic experiences involving violence and death in play therapy. We analyzed the post-session notes from the first 34 sessions of a much longer treatment, during which the girl repeatedly enacted a drama we called the cottage play, involving characters assumed by the child and characters assigned to the therapist. We distinguished four phases based on changes in play themes. In phase 1, the girl expressed her need for safety in response to an overwhelming internal threat (APES stage 0, warded off/dissociated). In phase 2, she worked to escape and avoid the threat, referenced in the play as monsters and bad memories (APES 1, unwanted thoughts/avoidance). Phase 3 was a brief period of consolidation. In phase 4, she actively faced the trauma, referenced as murderers, soldiers, and death (APES 2, awareness/emergence). Our observations underlined the child-therapist collaboration and dyadic processing. The expressions of the problematic experiences suggested increasing but limited assimilation (stages 0 to 2 out of eight stages). The assimilation model usefully described symbolic processing in play therapy, and the results pointed to tentative elaborations in APES stage descriptions.In this qualitative theory-building case study, we analyzed a child's symbolic play in non-directive, child-centered play therapy. We investigated how processing of severe traumatic experiences may be observed in the evolving play themes. To guide our observations and to conceptualize this process we used the assimilation model (Stiles, 2002(Stiles, , 2011.
The assimilation modelThe assimilation model is a theory of psychological change (Stiles, 2002(Stiles, , 2011Stiles et al., 1990) not tied to a particular treatment approach. The model proposes that a schema (i.e., a way of thinking and acting) gradually changes during the therapeutic process until emotionally problematic experiences can be assimilated and become part of the schema. According to the model, psychological improvement in therapy is explained as increases in the level of assimilation of initially warded-off, avoided, or CONTACT Tuija Aro