Digital angiography of the feet of horses

Abstract

Digital angiography is useful for imaging small vessels, but penumbra limits the image resolution of the macrovasculature of the foot. The palmarodorsal projection is more useful for evaluation of the terminal arch and solar branches, but 2 projections are necessary for a thorough examination of the foot. Image magnification, position of horse, and vascular response to contrast medium must be considered in the quantitative assessment of vessel diameter. Digital angiography may be performed in clinical cases and research models for examination of vascular perfusion of the distal portion of the limb.

Angiografia in vivo para avaliação da vascularização do casco de eqüinos

“…COFFMAN et al (1970) demonstraram aspectos vasculares digitais por meio de arteriografias e radiografias dorsopalmares em eqüinos com laminite. Porém, essas não são observações fidedignas, pois são passíveis de artefatos ocasionados pelo vasoespasmo arterial (ACKERMAN et al, 1975;SCOTT et al, 1976;ROSENSTEIN et al, 2000). No presente trabalho, não foram observadas alterações compatíveis com espasmo vascular, caracterizado por diminuição do diâmetro vascular preenchido pelo contraste.…”

“…LESSA et al (1997) descreveram a cateterização da artéria digital palmar comum, em animais sob anestesia geral, com fins de arteriografia, em vez da cateterização da artéria digital palmar medial, que, segundo SILVA (1988), seria mais passível de obstruções. ROSENSTEIN et al (2000) realizaram arteriografias em cascos isolados de eqüinos com vistas à medição do diâmetro arterial na extremidade distal do membro e constataram que o efeito de magnificação radiográfica altera as medições arteriais quando comparadas às in vitro. ACKERMAN et al (1975), SCOTT et al (1976) e ROSENSTEIN et al (2000 evidenciaram espasmo arterial durante a aplicação de contraste radiológico na arteriografia, devido à punção arterial ou mesmo pela ação direta do contraste, o que podia comprometer a avaliação vascular por meio dessa técnica.…”

Treatment of a severe distal forelimb wound presenting with extensive laceration and distal interphalangeal joint luxation in a donkey

“…In this case, the vasculature could be identified and contrast medium was present in the arcus terminalis, ramus palmaris arcus terminalis and ramus marginalis solearis. As reported by Rosenstein et al (2000), the dorso-palmar projection was more useful for evaluation of the terminal arch and solar branches, but a latero-medial view was also necessary for a thorough examination of the foot. The presence of blood supply in the solar region was the main decisional criteria to proceed with the surgical intervention.…”

“…Peripheral angiography has been used to define normal digital vascular anatomy in horses (Ackerman et al 1975) and to quantify the diameter of these vessels (Rosenstein et al 2000). Arteriography has also been used to study the arterial supply of the navicular bones of horses with clinical and/or radiographic signs of navicular disease (Rijkenhuizen et al 1989).…”

Drug delivery to equine digital lamellar tissue

“…Traditionally researchers hypothesised laminitis was a form of ischaemia reperfusion injury (Robinson 1990;Trout et al 1990;Hood et al 1993;Molyneux et al 1994;Eaton et al 1995;Hinckley et al 1995;Bailey and Elliott 1998;Ingle-Fehr and Baxter 1998;Ingle-Fehr and Baxter 1999;Schneider et al 1999;Rosenstein et al 2000;Bailey et al 2002;Elliott et al 2003;Berhane et al 2006). However, the variation in techniques for measuring lamellar perfusion (Hood, Amoss et al 1978;Allen, Clark et al 1990;Trout, Hornof et al 1990;Eaton, Allen et al 1995;Hinckley, Fearn et al 1995;Adair, Goble et al 2000;Hood, Wagner et al 2001) along with the use of different experimental models for laminitis induction yielded conflicting results.…”