Digit Preference in Goldmann Applanation Tonometry: The Hedgehog Effect

Park

et al. 2014

Acta Ophthalmologica

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To investigate the distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) and its associated factors in a large Korean population based on the data from the nationwide cross-sectional survey. Methods: We obtained 2009-2010 data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (n = 17 901). After excluding individuals under 19 years of age, a total of 13 431 subjects were enrolled. All participants completed a comprehensive questionnaire and underwent an ocular examination including measurement of IOP by Goldmann applanation tonometry, as well as a systemic evaluation including blood pressure measurements, anthropometry and blood tests. Results: The mean IOP in the right eye was 13.99 AE 2.75 mmHg, and in the left eye, 13.99 AE 2.75 mmHg, representing no significant bilateral difference. There was, however, a significant difference between males (14.19 AE 2.78 mmHg) and females (13.79 AE 2.70 mmHg) (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that higher IOP was significantly correlated with male sex, higher myopic refractive error, higher body mass index, higher systolic blood pressure, higher fasting plasma glucose and higher total cholesterol (all p < 0.05). On the other hand, age, histories of smoking or migraine or cold hands/feet were not significantly correlated with IOP (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: In the general Korean population, IOP increases with male sex and increasing myopia. Further, IOP is significantly correlated with systemic factors relating to cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

The distribution of intraocular pressure and associated systemic factors in a Korean population: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Park

et al. 2014

Acta Ophthalmologica

Breast Cancer Res Treat

“…Additionally, a PTCH1 polymorphism was linked to increased breast cancer risk associated with oral contraceptive use [36]. More recently, comparative genomic hybridization analyses indicate that genomic loss at the PTCH1 locus was the fourth most commonly detected change among the tumor suppressor genes occurring in up to 19% of human breast cancers, and 33% of breast cancer cell lines [37]. With exhaustive sequencing efforts, three missense mutations in the Gli1 gene have been identified, but these mutations were carried in the heterozygous state, and have not yet been analyzed functionally [38].…”

Section: Hedgehog Signaling In Breast Cancer Developmentmentioning

confidence: 98%

The hedgehog pathway as a therapeutic target for treatment of breast cancer

Barginear

Leung

Budman

2009

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a key role in a variety of processes, such as embryogenesis and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. It is also becoming increasingly clear that this pathway can have a crucial role in tumorigenesis. Most recently, the Hh signaling pathway has been implicated in the development and maintenance of breast cancer. Here we review Hh signaling, advances in small molecule and antibody-based inhibitors targeting the Hh pathway, and dysregulation of the Hh signaling pathway in breast cancer.

“…In fact, many genes of Hh pathways are known oncogenes, including Gli1/2, Sonic Hedge-hog (Shh) and Smo, and Ptch1 can also be classified as a tumor suppressor. The Ptch1 locus is one of the most commonly detected changes among the tumor suppressor genes, which occur in about 19% of human breast cancers and in up to 33% of breast cancer cell lines [ 63 ]. Interestingly, the Gli1 expression is inversely associated with ER expression and Smo/Gli1 expression is significantly higher in the TNBC than non-TNBC forms [ 64 ].…”

Section: Mesenchymal Associated Tnbcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential therapeutic targets of triple-negative breast cancer based on its intrinsic subtype

Shao¹,

Sun²,

Deng³

2017

Oncotarget

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subgroup of human breast cancer, which is characterized as estrogen receptor (ER) negative, progesterone receptor (PR) negative, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative. TNBC is the most difficult breast cancer subgroup to treat, due to its unresponsiveness to current clinical targeted therapies, high rate of recurrence, and poor prognosis. Thus, there is an urgent medical need to identify therapeutic targets and develop more effective stratified medicine for the treatment of TNBC. Here we review the potential therapeutic targets for TNBC based on its intrinsic subtype. We also review the aberrant activated signals found in different subgroups of TNBC, including androgen receptor (AR) and PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, Hedge-hog, and TGF-β signaling pathways, which play essential roles in multiple development stages of TNBC. The careful analysis of these signaling pathways and therapeutic targets would have significant impact on the drug development and clinical trials, leading to effective therapies for this deadly disease.