Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage: a review and classification.

Abstract

Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage is an uncommon condition that is difficult to differentiate radiographically from diffuse pneumonia or pulmonary edema. The diagnosis should be suspected when a patient has even mild hemoptysis or has one of the diseases known to be associated with diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage. This paper reviews the clinical and radiographic features of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage and presents a classification scheme depicted as a Venn diagram formed by four overlapping circles representing pulmonary hemorrhage, renal disease, immune complex disease, and antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease. This scheme results in six categories of pulmonary hemorrhage: associated with glomerulonephritis and anti-GBM antibody; associated with renal disease without demonstrable immunologic abnormalities; associated with glomerulonephritis and immune complex disease; associated with immune complex disease without renal disease; associated with anti-GBM antibodies without renal disease; without associated immunologic or renal abnormality. Examples of these disorders are illustrated. Improved clinical-radiographic correlation may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage and its causes.

Pulmonary Disease in Hamsters Infected with Leptospira interrogans: Histopathologic Findings and Cytokine mRNA Expressions

“…in the review literature, a few reviews suggest that leptospirosis should be considered. 24,25 However, our results showed that congestion pulmonary and hemorrhage areas were present in histopatologic findings, and there was pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis. Two main mechanisms of leptospirosis pathogenesis are suggested: a toxin-mediated mechanism and/or the immune responses of the host.…”

Pulmonary ground-glass opacity: computed tomography features, histopathology and molecular pathology

“…Pulmonary-renal syndromes that may cause pulmonary hemorrhage include Goodpasture's syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, mixed connective-tissue disease, and other vasculitis (14). Other causes of pulmonary hemorrhage include anticoagulant therapies, disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia, leukemia, acute lung injury, aspiration of blood, drug toxicity, traumas, and mitral stenosis (19). CT scans may show consolidation with GGO and interlobular septal thickening, as well as a halo of GGO around a focal area of lung consolidation.…”

Aspectos anatomopatológicos da leptospirose em cães: 53 casos (1965-2011)

“…Hemorragia alveolar difusa é uma expressão utilizada na literatura médica atual para se referir a uma síndrome clinicopatológica caracterizada por sangramentos que se originam na microvasculatura pulmonar (Dweik et al 1997). Assim como outras sín-dromes, a hemorragia alveolar difusa é simplesmente uma manifestação de diversas doenças e o processo comum a todas elas é o sangramento intra-alveolar difuso (Albelda et al 1985, Schwarz et al 1994, quase sempre decorrente de capilarite (Lara & Schwarz 2010).…”