Diffraction efficiency of 200-nm-period critical-angle transmission gratings in the soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet wavelength bands

Heilmann, Ralf K.; Ahn, Minseung; Bruccoleri, Alex R.; Chang, Chih‐Hao; Gullikson, Eric M.; Mukherjee, Pran; Schattenburg, Mark L.

doi:10.1364/ao.50.001364

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…At present, grating efficiencies near 1 nm are too low for CPA to increase the peak power, but advances in blazed gratings may make CPA schemes more effective in the future (see, e.g., [18]). …”

Section: -3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser phase errors in seeded free electron lasers

Ratner

Fry

Stupakov

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Harmonic seeding of free electron lasers has attracted significant attention as a method for producing transform-limited pulses in the soft x-ray region. Harmonic multiplication schemes extend seeding to shorter wavelengths, but also amplify the spectral phase errors of the initial seed laser, and may degrade the pulse quality and impede production of transform-limited pulses. In this paper we consider the effect of seed laser phase errors in high gain harmonic generation and echo-enabled harmonic generation. We use simulations to confirm analytical results for the case of linearly chirped seed lasers, and extend the results for arbitrary seed laser envelope and phase.

show abstract

Section: -3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser phase errors in seeded free electron lasers

Ratner

Fry

Stupakov

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…MLs allows operation at larger Bragg angles, θ, which reduces the asymmetry for a fixed blaze angle (see formulas 6,8,9), and hence mitigates absorption and refraction. The optimization should be performed for each particular case in terms of requirements and constraints of a whole spectrometer design.…”

Section: Absolute Efficiency Of Dense Mbgs: Multilayer Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CAT gratings have demonstrated good efficiency to above the 10 th order for a 200 nm period grating, in the soft x-ray energy range [5,6]. The fragile nature of the transmission grating however precludes its use as a monochromatizing element for synchrotron x-ray source applications, due to the 10's of Watts of power the element must absorb due to the quasi broad -band nature of the source.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-order multilayer coated blazed gratings for high resolution soft x-ray spectroscopy

Voronov¹,

Goray²,

Warwick³

et al. 2015

Opt. Express

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract.A grand challenge in soft x-ray spectroscopy is to drive the resolving power of monochromators and spectrometers from the 10 4 achieved routinely today to well above 10 5 . This need is driven mainly by the requirements of a new technique that is set to have enormous impact in condensed matter physics, Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS). Unlike x-ray absorption spectroscopy, RIXS is not limited by an energy resolution dictated by the core hole lifetime in the excitation process. Using much higher resolving power than used for normal x-ray absorption spectroscopy enables access to the energy scale of soft excitations in matter. These excitations such as magnons and phonons drive the collective phenomena seen in correlated electronic materials such as high temperature superconductors. RIXS opens a new path to study these excitations at a level of detail not formerly possible. However, as the process involves resonant excitation at an energy of around 1 keV, and the energy scale of the excitations one would like to see are at the meV level, to fully utilize the technique requires the development of monochromators and spectrometers with one to two orders of magnitude higher energy resolution than has been conventionally possible. Here we investigate the use and optimization of high-order dense multilayer gratings as the dispersive element in ultra-high resolution x-ray spectroscopy. Traditionally 1 st order gratings are used in the soft x-ray region, but we show that as in the optical domain, one can work in very high spectral orders and thus dramatically improve resolution without significant loss in efficiency. 8. C. Rife, W. R. Hunter, T. W. Barbie, Jr., and R. G. Gruddace, "Multilayer-coated blazed grating performance in the soft x-ray region," Appl. Opt. 28, 2984Opt. 28, -2986Opt. 28, (1989 9. M. Neviere, "Multilayer coated gratings for x-ray diffraction: differential theory", J. Opt. Soc. 37. D. Attwood, Soft x-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation, Cambrige university press, 1999, 469p. ©2014 Optical Society of America

show abstract

“…They can be described as blazed transmission gratings and combine the advantages of pastgeneration transmission and blazed reflection gratings. 16,[18][19][20] The basic structure of a CAT grating is shown in Fig. 1 in cross section.…”

Section: Cat Grating Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…X-ray gratings come in two main flavors: Reflection 4,11,14,15 and transmission gratings. 3,10,16 Transmission gratings are very thin and offer a mass advantage, especially for large aperture x-ray telescopes. They are also relatively tolerant towards…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of large-area and low mass critical-angle x-ray transmission gratings

et al. 2014

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Soft x-ray spectroscopy of celestial sources with high resolving power R = E/∆E and large collecting area addresses important science listed in the Astro2010 Decadal Survey New Worlds New Horizons, such as the growth of the large scale structure of the universe and its interaction with active galactic nuclei, the kinematics of galactic outflows, as well as coronal emission from stars and other topics. Numerous studies have shown that a transmission grating spectrometer based on lightweight critical-angle transmission (CAT) gratings can deliver R = 3000-5000 and large collecting area with high efficiency and minimal resource requirements, providing spectroscopic figures of merit at least an order of magnitude better than grating spectrometers on Chandra and XMM-Newton, as well as future calorimeter-based missions. The recently developed CAT gratings combine the advantages of transmission gratings (low mass, relaxed figure and alignment tolerances) and blazed reflection gratings (high broad band diffraction efficiency, utilization of higher diffraction orders). Their working principle based on blazing through reflection off the smooth, ultra-high aspect ratio grating bar sidewalls has previously been demonstrated on small samples with x rays. For larger gratings (area greater than 1 inch square) we developed a fabrication process for grating membranes with a hierarchy of integrated low-obscuration supports. The fabrication involves a combination of advanced lithography and highly anisotropic dry and wet etching techniques. We report on the latest fabrication results of free-standing, large-area CAT gratings with polished sidewalls and preliminary x-ray tests.

show abstract

Diffraction efficiency of 200-nm-period critical-angle transmission gratings in the soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet wavelength bands

Cited by 36 publications

References 21 publications

Laser phase errors in seeded free electron lasers

Laser phase errors in seeded free electron lasers

High-order multilayer coated blazed gratings for high resolution soft x-ray spectroscopy

Fabrication of large-area and low mass critical-angle x-ray transmission gratings

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About